This dissertation focuses on the survival of pagans and paganism in the Byzantine Empire from the fifth century onwards, with a particular focus on Asia Minor. By analyzing contemporary textual sources, particularly hagiographies from the fifth to the seventh centuries, I demonstrate that paganism as a religion and as a set of cultural attitudes and ideas survived in Asia Minor into the early seventh century. Furthermore, based on the law codes, this dissertation argues that the imperial attitude towards pagans was more lenient than has been previously argued. This tolerance for pagans extended into the time of Justinian, whom many scholars see as a great pagan persecutor. This thesis extends into the Middle Byzantine period, where I find evidence that paganism - understood as a set of religious ideas, practices, and images - influenced contemporary debates concerning icons. The ideas concerning pagans and paganism emerge even in panegyrical works beyond the seventh century. Finally, this dissertation examines material evidence from four cities in Asia Minor: Aphrodisias, Ephesus, Halicarnassus, and Sardis. This chapter demonstrates material evidence for pagan survival into the early sixth century, likely due to the presence of pagan elites in these sites, removed from the direct influence of the imperial court in Constantinople.