UC Berkeley

This dissertation is inspired by the small but growing number of political and social theorists whose works have been highly influenced by the later philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein. These authors developed their theories at least in part by taking Wittgenstein's thought to have normative implications on methodological and substantive issues in political and social theory. The aim of this dissertation is to narrate and analyse the influence of Wittgenstein in political theory as a contribution to the intellectual history of twentieth century political thought. To that end, Hanna Pitkin's "Wittgenstein and Justice" and James Tully's "Public Philosophy in a New Key" present an exemplary (in both senses of the word) pair of works that allow us to compare contrasting approaches to using Wittgenstein's ideas and methods.

The dissertation begins with an introductory chapter that sets out the main problem: Ludwig Wittgenstein's influence in political theory is fairly under-narrated and under-analysed, especially in a dissertation-length project. The purpose of this chapter is to give a brief historical overview of this identified gap in the literature. The second chapter provides a brief introduction to the concepts and methods of Wittgenstein's later work, as well as an explanation of some of his basic philosophical commitments since the "Tractatus-Logico Philosophicus". The third chapter is an exposition and analysis of Hanna Pitkin's social thought in Wittgenstein and Justice. I show how Pitkin built her social theory by taking Peter Winch's and J. L. Austin's methodological work to complement and expand the fundamental ontological and epistemological precepts she draws from Wittgenstein's later philosophy. The fourth chapter is an exposition and analysis of Pitkin's political thought in "Wittgenstein and Justice". I show how she built her political theory by taking Wittgenstein's ontology to flesh out and expand the fundamental political values she draws from Kant and Arendt.

The dissertation continues with James Tully. The fifth chapter is an exposition and analysis of James Tully's social thought in "Public Philosophy in a New Key". I show how the social theory of James Tully is primarily inspired by the post-structuralist works of Michel Foucault and the later philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein. The sixth chapter is an exposition and analysis of James Tully's political thought in "Public Philosophy in a New Key". I show how Tully's belief that the role of public philosophy is to address public affairs cashes out in i) critical surveys of practices and languages that set the context of practical social and political problems and their proposed solutions, and ii) historical or genealogical surveys that place those languages and practices in their larger contexts in order to see how forms of subjectivity are shaped by historically specific trends in thought and action.

I end the dissertation with a concluding chapter that compares my findings about Pitkin and Tully under the light of Wittgenstein's anti-theoretical commitments and his beliefs regarding the second-order nature of philosophy. I argue that Pitkin, in sailing too close the modernist wind, takes a narrower view of the political than Wittgenstein's social ontology might suggest. And therefore, Tully's work, by being more resolutely anti-theoretical and anti-foundational, is more consonant with Wittgenstein's ethos. My final evaluation of Pitkin's and Tully's Wittgensteinian political theories will highlight the strengths and weaknesses of their diverging approaches, while holding on to the caveat that we need not agree with everything Wittgenstein has laid out in order to find something useful from him that can help in our work.