UC Berkeley

The equations of hydrodynamics including mass, linear momentum, angular momentum, and energy are derived by coarse-graining the microscopic equations of motion for systems consisting of rotary dumbbells driven by internal torques. In deriving the balance of linear momentum, we find that the symmetry of the stress tensor is broken due to the presence of non-zero torques on individual particles. The broken symmetry of the stress tensor induces internal spin in the fluid and leads us to consider the balance of internal angular momentum in addition to the usual moment of momentum. In the absence of spin, the moment of momentum is the same as the total angular momentum. In deriving the form of the balance of total angular momentum, we find the microscopic expressions for the couple stress tensor that drives the spin field. We show that the couple stress contains contributions from both intermolecular interactions and the active forces. The presence of spin leads to the idea of balance of moment of inertia due to the constant exchange of particles in a small neighborhood around a macroscopic point. We derive the associated balance of moment of inertia at the macroscale and identify the moment of inertia flux that induces its transport. Finally, we obtain the balances of total and internal energy of the active fluid and identify the sources of heat and heat fluxes in the system.