UC Irvine

Objectives

Serum albumin (sAlb) may be a strong predictor of longevity in the general population and in chronic kidney disease. This study aimed to determine the relationship between sAlb concentrations and mortality risk independent of kidney function.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study of 31 274 adults from the 1999-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was examined as both a confounder and modifier of the association of sAlb with mortality risk. We examined the association of sAlb (categorized as <3.8, 3.8 to <4.0, 4.0 to <4.2, 4.2 to <4.4, 4.4 to <4.6, 4.6 to <4.8, and ≥4.8 g/dL) with mortality using Cox models. Subsequently, we conducted spline analyses to estimate the association of sAlb with all-cause mortality across varying eGFR levels.

Results

In unadjusted analyses, participants with incrementally lower sAlb concentrations of <4.6 g/dL had an increasingly higher mortality risk compared with those with sAlb levels ranging from 4.6 to <4.8 g/dL (reference), whereas those with higher sAlb levels of ≥4.8 g/dL had a lower mortality risk (hazard ratios [95% confidence interval]: 3.88 [3.26-4.62], 3.59 [3.01-4.27], 2.79 [2.37-3.29], 2.10 [1.79-2.48], 1.72 [1.45-2.03], and 0.71 [0.55-0.92] for sAlb concentrations of <3.8, 3.8 to <4.0, 4.0 to <4.2, 4.2 to <4.4, 4.4 to <4.6, and ≥4.8 g/dL, respectively). Adjusted analyses showed similar findings, although the association of higher sAlb levels of ≥4.8 g/dL with better survival was attenuated to the null. Spline analyses showed that participants with sAlb levels of <4.6 g/dL had higher mortality across all concentrations of eGFR, ranging from 30 to 120 mL/min/1.73 m² (reference: sAlb ≥ 4.6 g/dL).

Conclusions

Among a nationally representative U.S. cohort, a graded association was observed between lower sAlb concentrations and higher death risk, which was robust across varying levels of kidney function.