Department of Economics

When covered interest parity holds, as appears to be the case, the forward exchange rate is not the expected future spot rate. As a result: (1) in general covered and uncovered interest parity are mutually inconsistent; (2) the standard equation that produces the forward-bias puzzle is miss-specified. When covered interest parity is used to correct that miss-specification, the puzzle disappears. Forward premiums are unbiased estimates of future changes in exchange rates. This solution for the forward-bias puzzle holds whether or not there is a risk premium. It also solves two subsidiary puzzles.