http://www.rssboard.org/rss-specification 720 https://escholarship.org/uc/wrca/rss Recent eScholarship items from Water Resources Collections and Archives Tue, 23 Jun 2026 07:49:45 +0000 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1c6047m4 Recent Variations in the Water Supply of the Western Great Basin https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1c6047m4 Wed, 6 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000 Harding, S. T. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6dm5j6gm Short-term geomorphic impacts of culvert removal following Best Management Practices in streams of northern California https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6dm5j6gm Mon, 21 Jul 2014 00:00:00 +0000 Lawrence, Justin E https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3fw2z0sf Piloting A Monitoring Program For CCC LWD Projects https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3fw2z0sf Mon, 21 Jul 2014 00:00:00 +0000 Atherton, Shanna Zhu, Bingyao https://escholarship.org/uc/item/82c9j37t A short-term assessment of spatial and temporal variations in water quality of the San Lorenzo River https://escholarship.org/uc/item/82c9j37t Tue, 17 Sep 2013 00:00:00 +0000 Richardson, Christina https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6439d8ff Aquatic ecosystems in the Upper Klamath Basin (Upper Basin), Oregon are degraded as a result of more than a century of land use alterations due to logging, dams, irrigated agriculture, and cattle grazing. These changes have led to degraded habitat conditions including decreased baseflow, loss of vegetation, increased stream temperature, fish impediments, and nutrient loading. All these factors negatively impact watershed function and resident fish populations, which have experienced severe declines in recent decades. The primary threats to fish populations include habitat loss, degraded water quality, barriers and entrainment, and predation and competition from non-native species. Millions of dollars have been spent since the late-1900’s to restore aquatic habitat in the Upper Basin primarily to improve the distribution and abundance of endangered and threatened fish species. This project details the hydrologic characteristics of three primary tributaries in the Upper Klamath... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6439d8ff Tue, 17 Sep 2013 00:00:00 +0000 Doehring, Carolyn https://escholarship.org/uc/item/03m308k9 Multifunctional Riverscapes: Stream restoration, Capability Brown’s water features, and artificial whitewater https://escholarship.org/uc/item/03m308k9 Tue, 17 Sep 2013 00:00:00 +0000 Podolak, Kristen https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2st014m2 Biological and Physical Assessment of Streams in Northern California: Evaluating the Effects of Global Change and Human Disturbance https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2st014m2 Tue, 29 Jan 2013 00:00:00 +0000 Lawrence, Justin https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4r6894pk Understanding wood-pool dynamics using long-term monitoring data from the Gualala River Watershed: What can we learn? https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4r6894pk Mon, 28 Jan 2013 00:00:00 +0000 Church, Tamara https://escholarship.org/uc/item/29h3t2kw Restoring Regulation: An Assessment of the Regulatory Process for Restoration Projects https://escholarship.org/uc/item/29h3t2kw Mon, 28 Jan 2013 00:00:00 +0000 Fiala, Shannon https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9t57w5h1 A Conceptual Restoration Plan and Tidal Hydrology Assessment for Reconnecting Spring Branch Creek to Suisun Marsh, Solano County, California https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9t57w5h1 Mon, 15 Oct 2012 00:00:00 +0000 Olson, Jessica J. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7k8243b4 Multifunctional Riverscapes: Stream restoration, Capability Brown's water features, and artificial whitewater https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7k8243b4 Mon, 15 Oct 2012 00:00:00 +0000 Podolak, Kristen Nichole https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9pw7g42s C(re)ek-storation Community Collaboration Site: North Fork of Strawberry Creek by La Loma and Le Conte Avenues https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9pw7g42s Fri, 5 Oct 2012 00:00:00 +0000 Tannenbaum, Sara Rose https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8b5146kj Preservation of a Pristine Lake for Future Generations: Llanquihue Lake, X Region, Chile https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8b5146kj Fri, 5 Oct 2012 00:00:00 +0000 Delorenzo, Angela Colibri, Mariana https://escholarship.org/uc/item/88m805qt Hydrologic Analysis and Restoration considerations for the Upper Klamath Lake Sub-Basin, Klamath County, Oregon https://escholarship.org/uc/item/88m805qt Fri, 5 Oct 2012 00:00:00 +0000 Doehring, Carolyn https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7xp4d962 A Sustainable Stormwater Management Proposal for a Bayfront Military Brownfield https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7xp4d962 Fri, 5 Oct 2012 00:00:00 +0000 Doyle, John https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7506d5z4 <p>The Alameda County Water District (ACWD) supplies water to the cities of Fremont, Newark and Union City. Approximately 40% of this supply requirement is met using water pumped from the Niles Cone Groundwater Basin. Since 1920s, the ACWD has managed recharge operations at Niles Cone and today the water for recharge is obtained from the State Water Project, run off from Alameda Creek Watershed or from direct rain that falls on the Niles Cone region. This paper examines the dependence of recharge operations on precipitation in the Alameda Creek Watershed. Using data from the past 20 years, the paper demonstrates the dependence of Niles Cone Basin on the outlier wet year of 1997-98 to maintain a net positive water balance with respect to levels in 1988-89. Further research using longer time series data of groundwater recharge should be able to provide more evidence of the extent of this dependence on heavy rainfall years to maintain net positive groundwater levels. Such research... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7506d5z4 Fri, 5 Oct 2012 00:00:00 +0000 Balakrishnan, Krishnachandran https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6vx1v8gv This thesis focuses on the issue of biodiversity corridors along the creek in the city and uses Alamo Creek, in Vacaville, California, as our site to assess the existing creek situations from different typical sections in urban development and agricultural areas. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6vx1v8gv Fri, 5 Oct 2012 00:00:00 +0000 Urrechaga, Jose Wei, Xinghan https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6tc4r4fv Relationship between juvenile steelhead survival and winter habitat availability https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6tc4r4fv Fri, 5 Oct 2012 00:00:00 +0000 Huber, Eric Kayed, Sammy Post, Charles https://escholarship.org/uc/item/68p0p00d Redwood Creek is located in Sonoma County, California.  Redwood Creek is a tributary of Maacama Creek, a tributary to the Russian River.  The reach of Redwood Creek addressed in this study is on an alluvial fan.  In summer of 2001 the California Department of Fish and Game conducted a stream inventory to determine the presence of anadromous fish in the watershed and recommended Redwood Creek be managed as an anadromous, natural production stream.  Two restoration projects have been completed in recent years, the first in 2005 and the second in 2010.  In this study we investigated the newly constructed reach to determine how the channel morphology has responded after the first water year.  We conducted cross-sectional surveys  at 4 locations along the restoration project.  Survey results show that vertical channel adjustment is occurring, and that the channel is still in the process of finding geomorphic equilibrium.  It is likely that the channel will continue to adjust in future... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/68p0p00d Fri, 5 Oct 2012 00:00:00 +0000 Docto, Mia Corvillon, Daniela Pena https://escholarship.org/uc/item/64b4k3v0 I developed a hydrological rating curve for Strawberry Creek on the University of California campus, so that estimated flow rates cold be calculated from stage records.  Since 2007, water stage levels have been automatically recorded every 15 minutes based on pressure transducers that are located on the North Fork, the South Fork and on the Main Stem just below the confluence.  I used current meters to collect flow measurements six times on the Main Stem, five times on the North Fork, and four times on the South Fork and used this data along with recorded stage data to develop a rating curve for each location.  The rating curves developed for the Main Stem, South Fork and North Fork are:  y = 9.5668x^2.7479, y = 34.061x - 273.35 and y = 15.498x² -19.768x + 6.2605, where y is streamflow in cubic feet per second (ft3/s) and x is stage in feet.  All these rating curves have very good overall correlations for the relationship between stage and flow (r2 greater... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/64b4k3v0 Fri, 5 Oct 2012 00:00:00 +0000 Hunt, Lisa https://escholarship.org/uc/item/60t8x2jv Bristol Bay, Alaska is one of the last ecosystems left on earth that haqs gone unaltered by human impacts.  Bristol Bay watershed supports the largest wild sockeye salmon runs on the planet with nearly 42 million salmon migrating to the watersheds headwaters every year.  The proposed Pebble Mine, containing gold, copper, and molybdenum has threatened the health of this watershed.  This project asks what effects the proposed Pebble Mine will have on water quality and quantity, and more specifically, how the withdrawal of groundwater and surface water will alter the regions most pristine anadromous salmonid spawning grounds.  Though comprehensive studies have been done, the groundwater of this region remains a comples topic.  This research formulates unanswered questions related to groundwater that need to be answered before mining advances.  Due to the unknown properties of the region's groundwater and hydrologic regime, mining poses significant risk to water quality, quantity,... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/60t8x2jv Fri, 5 Oct 2012 00:00:00 +0000 Cundy, Fiona https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5kt9j5k7 Initial Hydrologic Feasibility Analysis of the Proposed Ship Channel Bypass (lower Sacramento River, California https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5kt9j5k7 Fri, 5 Oct 2012 00:00:00 +0000 Church, Tami C. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/59t9f14m Soil Characteristics and their Hydrologic Implications; A study on the Memorial Glade microwatershed, University of California, Berkeley campus https://escholarship.org/uc/item/59t9f14m Fri, 5 Oct 2012 00:00:00 +0000 Javier, Alexander https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5915z1xc Protecting Solar Rights in California Through an Exploration of the California Water Doctrine https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5915z1xc Fri, 5 Oct 2012 00:00:00 +0000 Fedman, Anna https://escholarship.org/uc/item/56s58126 The scope of this paper was to compare the hydrology of the East Bay Municipal District's Wastewater Treatment Plant in West Oakland with the adjacent stream watershed, Temescal Creek Watershed.  These two systems vary greatly in scale and water usage.  TThis project aims to look at the imported and piped water system in a similar way as one would approach a stream and watershed hydrology.  Using stream flow data for the creek, it was scaled to the size of the whole watershed.  The data was compared with precipitation to put perspective on a limited number of years of stream flow.  The latest year of outflows from the WWTP was obtained.  The data was compared via seasonal distribution, mean daily flow, and annual volume.  The Temescal Creek Watershed flow was scaled to the same size of the WWTP service (from 7.11 sq. mi. to 88 sq. mi.) to estimate local flow through the system versus imported flow.  Peak flows for the stream gauge were scaled to the watershed and compared with... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/56s58126 Fri, 5 Oct 2012 00:00:00 +0000 Lather, Alaska Wozniak, Monika https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4pb7m8pw Ecological Implications of Impounding Fluvial Systems in Suisun Marsh https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4pb7m8pw Fri, 5 Oct 2012 00:00:00 +0000 Olson, Jessica J. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4gh3s88f Best Management Practices for the Los Angeles River: Taylor Yard Case Study https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4gh3s88f Fri, 5 Oct 2012 00:00:00 +0000 Sousa, Ricardo C. Cook, Michael https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3zq906fq <p>Since 2009, one in eight San Francisco Unified School District (SFUSD) elementary schools has received a rainwater cistern or barrels and increased garden space under the Tap the Sky initiative.  A quarter of San Francisco elementary schools and two of the city's nine alternative configured schools are planned to have received a cistern system by the end of next year.</p><p>This report seeks to identify the impacts and key components of this rainwater capture initiative, both in terms of sustainable water management and environmental education goals, while also suggesting recommendations for the ongoing implementation and expansion of this practice in San Francisco elementary schools.</p> https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3zq906fq Fri, 5 Oct 2012 00:00:00 +0000 Bintliff, Jacob M. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3mf6k4d5 Holistic Approach for Water Management Planning of Nong Chok District in Bangkok, Thailand https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3mf6k4d5 Fri, 5 Oct 2012 00:00:00 +0000 Suksawang, Wilasinee https://escholarship.org/uc/item/36h4362s Taking LID to the Streets: A Case Study of Stormwater Management on Leland Avenue in San Francisco, California https://escholarship.org/uc/item/36h4362s Fri, 5 Oct 2012 00:00:00 +0000 Thong, Michelle https://escholarship.org/uc/item/33j0h1pc Urban Retrofit: A Whole-Watershed Approach to Urban Stormwater Management https://escholarship.org/uc/item/33j0h1pc Fri, 5 Oct 2012 00:00:00 +0000 Lithander, Becky https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1zb2j2cv Quantifying stream flow loss to groundwater on alluvial valley streams in Sonoma County https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1zb2j2cv Fri, 5 Oct 2012 00:00:00 +0000 Janes, Kelly Carrasco, Jose https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1vk614rw China Camp's race against the tides: Predicting tidal marsh survival through comparison of project sea level rise elevations and sediment accretion rates https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1vk614rw Fri, 5 Oct 2012 00:00:00 +0000 Hannah, Whitney Kuhn, Marlene https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0h38239x Planning for Climate Change in Low-Impact Development Projects: A Case Study of the Sunset Swales Parking Lot Retrofit in San Francisco https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0h38239x Fri, 5 Oct 2012 00:00:00 +0000 Conrad, Esther https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0bb9m2dd Evidence of Ecologically Relevant Degradation of Summer Base-flows in the Navarro River, California https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0bb9m2dd Fri, 5 Oct 2012 00:00:00 +0000 Hines, David Kohlsmith, Emma https://escholarship.org/uc/item/058829t7 Hydrologic diversity in Santa Cruz mountain creeks and implications for steelhead population survival https://escholarship.org/uc/item/058829t7 Fri, 5 Oct 2012 00:00:00 +0000 Peterson, Michael https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9rh2f4zr In Fall 2010, a partnership between the University of California-Berkeley and the cities of Albany and Berkeley completed the third of four restoration phases planned for a 0.6-mile stretch of Codornices Creek in Alameda County, California, between the San Pablo Avenue and UPRR crossings. Originally initiated in the mid-1990s to improve a straightened and channelized ditch, the project objectives were to convey the 100-year flood, improve user access to the creek, and establish an ecologically valuable riparian corridor dominated by native species (reducing invasive non-natives).  We assessed the performance of the third phase of the project during a high flow of 136 cfs on October 5, 2011. We obtained relevant data and information from project designers, and on October 22, 2011, while evidence of the high flow was still fresh, we conducted a detailed topographic survey of the channel, surveyed high water marks, documented conditions with photographs, and mapped site conditions.... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9rh2f4zr Thu, 4 Oct 2012 00:00:00 +0000 Docto, Mia Hoffman, Johanna Walls, Scott https://escholarship.org/uc/item/91g62798 Livestock grazing in the western United States has lead to riparian ecosystem and stream channel degradation. Establishing fenced-off exclosures is a common management strategy that aims to passively restore these areas, however, relatively few studies have assessed the evolution of exclosed reaches over time. We evaluated temporal trends in channel form and riparian vegetation along a 4.2 km reach of Long Creek (drainage area of 180 km2), a tributary to Sycan Marsh in western Lake County, Oregon. The Nature Conservancy implemented reduced livestock grazing along this reach in 1996 and complete exclosure in 1999. Based on previous studies that documented vegetation establishment and subsequent sediment accumulation on channel banks, we hypothesized that the channel would have narrowed and vegetation would have re-established after eleven years of cattle exclosure.   In October 2011, we surveyed seven previously-established cross sections and compared channel geometry in 2011 to... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/91g62798 Thu, 4 Oct 2012 00:00:00 +0000 Doehring, Carolyn Rubin, Zan Sahai, Rashmi https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6681m38q <p>ABSTRACT</p><p>Spring Branch Creek drains a 2,670-acre watershed into tidally influencedSuisun Marsh in Suisun City, Solano County, CA. A farm levee road and berm that were constructed in the 1930s to drain the site for agriculture created an abrupt transition between fluvialand tidal systems. In the 1990s, the landowner Solano Land Trust installed two four-foot culverts beneath the levee road in attempt to partially restore the exchange of brackish tidal water with fresh water. Ten years later (in 2000), a population of federally listed plant soft bird’s beak (Chloropyron molle ssp. molle, syn., Cordylanthus mollis ssp. mollis) was reintroduced in the high marsh zone under these altered hydro-logical conditions and is now a thriving population of 100,000 individuals. Now, a proposal to remove the levee completely, and reconnect fluvialand tidal systems, raised concern that the livelihood of this population might be compromised by altering the hydrological conditions. I conducted... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6681m38q Thu, 4 Oct 2012 00:00:00 +0000 Olson, Jessica J. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5dc5g3cj <p>The simultaneous withdrawal of water from streams for springtime frost protection of grapevines in the Russian River basin can coincide with the emergence of salmonid fry and the rearing of juveniles. These water diversions have contributed to water level declines, which in some instances, have resulted in the stranding mortality of fish. Endangered coho salmon and threatened steelhead trout can become stranded when water levels decrease abruptly and fish seek refuge in the rapidly dewatering gravel.</p><p>In response to this issue, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) has proposed a site-specific method to determine minimum flows to protect salmonids from these effects. This method seeks to identify “high risk” stranding surfaces and determine the stream stage at which they become exposed. In this study, we evaluated the ability of the NMFS protocol to accurately prescribe protective stages. To do this, we analyzed three components of the protocol: its stranding risk... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5dc5g3cj Thu, 4 Oct 2012 00:00:00 +0000 Hines, David Kohlsmith, Emma Kayed, Sammy https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3x08s6th In  California’s  Central  Valley,  dams  block  95  percent  of  historic  salmonid  habitat.    To  restore access by spring-run chinook salmon (Onocorhynchus tshawytscha) and other anadromous fish to approximately 12 miles of upstream spawning habitat on Clear Creek (drainage areas 720 km 2 ), the  US  Bureau  of  Reclamation  removed  the  McCormick-Saeltzer  Dam  in  November  2000.Previous  studies—the  most  recent  in  2004—identified  significant  sediment  mobilization  since dam removal at, and above, the former dam site.  In October 2011, we resurveyed two previously established  cross  sections at 26  m and 103.3  m upstream  of  the  dam  site  and  conducted  a  long profile  of  the  thalweg  from  the  dam  site  to  175  m  upstream.   We  also  replicated  previous  site photographs,  drew  vegetation  maps  and  compared  2010  aerial  photographs  to  those  from  1998 and  2004  to  assess  vegetation  change  and  erosion  patterns.   Our  results  documented... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3x08s6th Thu, 4 Oct 2012 00:00:00 +0000 Simons, Crystal Walker, Katelyn Zimring, Mark https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2fz9q17x <p>ABSTRACT</p><p>A 700-foot-long daylighted reach of Cerrito Creek defines the southern border of the 29-acre El Cerrito Plaza shopping center and receives a majority of the Plaza’s stormwater runoff. In 2003, this reach, between Talbot and Kains Avenues, underwent a restoration project that widened, re-graded and re-vegetated the channel as well as added a gravel pedestrian path parallel to the stream. The project was completed while the shopping center and parking lot underwent a major renovation. In this study, we assessed current creek conditions and compared them to the original project design as well as a 2005 post-project assessment. We found that there may have been minor channel incision since 2005, but this evidence was unreliable due to the cross section locations having not been permanently monumented. An increase in the number  of gravel bars, and an increase in the diversity of sediment size indicated that the stream was transporting sediment. Native vegetation... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2fz9q17x Thu, 4 Oct 2012 00:00:00 +0000 Adlong, Michelle Cook, Michael Kennedy, Matthew https://escholarship.org/uc/item/18x9j5dc Our study attempts to assess how different methods of engaging student volunteers on Berkeley’s campus impact student’s enthusiasm for stewardship, such as their willingness to participate in future on or off-campus restoration projects.  Using a questionnaire and targeting four different undergraduate student groups, including students who lived adjacent to Strawberry Creek, we attempted to gauge their current involvement and future involvement in stream restoration activities.  We found that academic work is the strongest method of engaging student volunteers and that some form of spontaneous use is the best indicator of each student’s enthusiasm for future stewardship. In summary, student stewards can provide the link between academic solutions and collaborative engagement with urban creeks. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/18x9j5dc Thu, 4 Oct 2012 00:00:00 +0000 Javier, Alexander Jones, Darryl Tannenbaum, Sara Rose https://escholarship.org/uc/item/063566w8 <p>Abstract</p><p>Putah Creek (drainage area = 2,000 km2) drains the slopes of Cobb Mountain in Lake County, flowing 137 km southeastward into the Yolo Bypass near Davis, California. Lower Putah Creek, the 37km reach from the Solano Diversion Dam to the Yolo Bypass, is confined within a flood control channel.  Dry Creek (drainage area = 44km2) joins Putah Creek near Winters, California.  Putah Creek is regulated by water releases from Monticello Dam at Lake Berryessa.  Dry Creek flows only part of the year and has no dams. Southward channel migration of Putah Creek from the 1990’s was threatening Putah Creek Rd., a paved county road following the south bank of the evaluated stream-section.  The new location of the Putah Creek channel also reduced the amount of gravels entering Putah Creek from Dry Creek.  This was significant because dams reduced the amount of course sediment available from upstream, leaving Dry Creek as one of the only natural sources of the gravels important... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/063566w8 Thu, 4 Oct 2012 00:00:00 +0000 Blackledge, Gina Boisrame, Gabrielle https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9293s8zw <p>A brief description of membrane bioreactor (MBR) historical evolution has been presented with emphasis on continual decline of treatment costs and energy requirements. Although MBR can operate at biomass (MLSS) concentrations 5 to 10 times higher than activated sludge these concentrations are limited in practice by increasing biomass suspension viscosity that in turn increases “reversible” membrane fouling and decreases oxygen transfer rates. “Irreversible” fouling is a major operational challenge since it depends on subtle interactions of membranes with various fractions of soluble microbial products resulting from microbial metabolism.</p> https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9293s8zw Fri, 13 May 2011 00:00:00 +0000 Hermanowicz, Slav W https://escholarship.org/uc/item/95z210sg <p>Horseshoe Creek, located in the Oakland Hills of California, flows through a remnant oak and redwood forests in Horseshoe Canyon. From the 1880s through the 1930s, nearby Leona sulfur mine deposited massive tailings piles in the valleys east of Horseshoe Creek. During that time, clear-cut logging of redwoods denuded and destabilized the surrounding hillsides. Today, most of Horseshoe Creekʼs upper and middle reaches are either culverted or transformed into an engineered channel, and Merritt College sits on top of the filled valleys that once formed its headwaters. Drawing from Past studies that have assessed heavy metals distribution and transport, we investigate the restoration potential of this highly impacted urban stream. In doing so, we consider the causes and effects of ecological degradation, identify areas for future study, and propose restoration actions.</p> https://escholarship.org/uc/item/95z210sg Thu, 12 May 2011 00:00:00 +0000 Hackenjos, Bethany Woelfle-Erskine, Cleo Wood, Jacob https://escholarship.org/uc/item/91c813r8 <p>Grain size and heavy mineral analysis of 6 cliff, 12 beach, and 44 marine sediment and rock samples from Bolinas Bay were done as part of a study of sediment transport on the continental shelf of California.</p> https://escholarship.org/uc/item/91c813r8 Thu, 12 May 2011 00:00:00 +0000 Wilde, Pat Isselhardt, C. Osuch, L. Yancey, T. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/919853tw <p>The Nathanson Creek Parkway and Preserve project spans a 1,000 foot reach of Nathanson Creek, a tributary to Sonoma Creek next to the Sonoma Valley High School grounds (see Appendix A Figures 1-6). The Sonoma Ecology Center (SEC) entered a contract with the city of Sonoma after the creek flooded in 2006 and installed plants between November 2009 and May 2010. The purpose of this project is to analyze plant survivorship data after 1-year of growth and to establish baseline data on the channel morphology for future restoration monitoring. We recorded total plant survivorship, created 5 cross-sectional transects (one every 200ft.), and recorded the plants growing along each transect. We also documented incidents of vandalism and overall site conditions.</p><p>After one year, the restoration site showed 63.6% survivorship among the flora that were planted plus broadcast seeding of the native grass Blue wildrye (elymus glaucus). This survival rate does not meet the 80% standard... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/919853tw Thu, 12 May 2011 00:00:00 +0000 Blough, Alanna Brandt, Reuben Brady, Sarah https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5jh1g865 <p>An upstream reach of Cerrito Creek, in Contra Costa County, California runs through Blake Garden, a 10.5-acre demonstration garden owned by the University of California, Berkeley (Fig 1 &amp; 2). Th is study focuses on a 420- foot reach near the top of the garden that has a severely incised and undercut channel, undersized and deteriorating culverts, and failed bank armoring. In the spring of 2010 for LA222: Hydrology for Planners, the authors of this paper analyzed the hydrology of the watershed above the reach, in order to understand the fl ows that are likely causing incision, conducted extensive fi eld surveys, and modeled fl ow in the creek. Continuing with last semester’s work, we conducted a detailed facies map, and identifi ed constraints and opportunities along the stream channel. Permanent monuments were placed on the site, and accurate mapping of the reach and cross-sections was generated. Based on our cumulative understanding of the site, we propose a stream design... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5jh1g865 Thu, 12 May 2011 00:00:00 +0000 Greenberg, Karuna Pinto, Pedro Sherraden, Catherine https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4wr2n51h <p>Located within an 8.9-­‐square mile watershed in Marin County, California, Redwood Creek flows from the peaks of Mt. Tamalpais to Muir Beach, where it empties into the Pacific Ocean. The watershed supports the southernmost population of federally listed Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), as well as Steelhead Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), a federally endangered species in California. A 2003 restoration project at the Banducci Site, a former agricultural area created in the channel's natural floodplain, sought to restore juvenile salmonid rearing habitat and re-­‐establish floodplain connectivity. Restoration activities included a series of Eucalyptus large woody debris structures, excavation of a pre-­‐existing artificial levee, and revegetation of native plant species along the riparian corridor. Seven years after implementation, our study characterizes the creeks geomorphic conditions through photodocumentation, historic aerial imagery, facies mapping, and longitudinal profile... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4wr2n51h Thu, 12 May 2011 00:00:00 +0000 Crockett, Richard Cundy, Fiona Hanley, Colin https://escholarship.org/uc/item/41590906 <p>In fall 2009, the UC Botanical Gardens completed a restoration project on Winter Creek, a tributary to Strawberry Creek. The creek is located in the Redwood Grove on the north side of Centennial Drive, opposite the main gardens. The project was completed in response to severe erosion caused by a pipe culvert that carried runoff from the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) and other development in Strawberry Canyon. For this term project we conducted a post-project appraisal of the Winter Creek restoration to determine whether the restoration achieved its objectives. We obtained relevant project information from the project proponents via interviews and email communication. On three days in October and November 2010, we conducted cross sections, longitudinal profiles, and vegetation surveys. In order to learn more about the Winter Creek watershed upstream of our project site, we conducted a hydrological analysis. Although we only received draft pre-project data, our results show... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/41590906 Thu, 12 May 2011 00:00:00 +0000 Fiala, Shannon Janes, Kelly Sousa, Ricardo https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1df8w88m <p>The restoration of a one-mile stretch of the lower Wooden Valley Creek on the cattle ranch owned by the McQueeny family in Napa County, California addressed denuded stream banks lacking native riparian vegetation and canopy cover that have resulted in salmonid habitat degradation and species decline (Marcus and CSPA, 2004). A primary concern of the McQueeny restoration demonstration project is the impact of high summertime stream temperatures on steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and the threat of continued bank incision in close proximity to the McQueeny home (Marcus and CSPA, 2004; Marcus, October 18, 2010; McQueeny, November 2, 2010 and November 20, 2010). Existing studies of the McQueeny property, Wooden Valley Creek, and larger Suisun Creek watershed restoration describe restoration baselines, restoration processes, and intended goals and outcomes (Circuit Rider Productions, 2007; Jackson, 2007; Purcell and Cover, 2007; Marcus and CSPA, 2004). Our research aims to... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1df8w88m Thu, 12 May 2011 00:00:00 +0000 Levy, Morgan Post, Charles https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9h10f4qf <p>The main objective of the International Conference on Coastal Zone Management of River Deltas and Low Land Coastlines, Alexandria, Egypt, 6-10 March 2010 is/was to bring together engineers, scientists, managers, and officials and staff of government agencies (national and local) to address outstanding problems and programs associated with erosion! accretion! subsidence of shores of river deltas and other low land coastal areas. The venue is on the Nile Delta, southeastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The Port of Alexandria, and its ancient predecessors is probably the oldest in the world. This paper gives a brief history of the venue -- the delta and the ancient and present port of Alexandria The delta has a large population, extensive irrigation-based agriculture, and industrial! commercial! municipal requirements. The delta has been affected by great decreases in the delivery of water and sediment to the sea (almost a total cessation) during the past half-century. This... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9h10f4qf Thu, 11 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0000 Wiegel, Robert L. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7x21s45s <p>A great amount of technical information on tsunamis is available in journals, books, reports, newspapers, and websites. After the Sumatra-Andaman Islands Earthquake and the accompanying Indian Ocean Tsunami of 26 December 2004, the author updated his list of tsunami information sources, and made the citations available in a 115 page report. The sources are listed in the following categories: Articles, papers, reports, by author(s) Bibliographies Books, monographs, pamphlets Catalogs of events Collections Journals, newsletters Maps Organizations Proceedings, symposia, workshops Videos, photographs For convenience, some sources are listed twice, under title and under author(s).</p> https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7x21s45s Thu, 11 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0000 Wiegel, Robert L. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/75c7g2q3 <p>17 of intertidal and stream samples from Monterey Bay - Point Sur Area are analysed for grain size properties. These samples were taken to provide source area information for the study of the offshore sediments of the Central California Continental Shelf. The data are presented graphically as cumulative weight percent curves and histograms with respect to grain size. The statistical parameters median~ sorting coefficient, skewness and kurtosis are calculated for each sample.</p> https://escholarship.org/uc/item/75c7g2q3 Thu, 11 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0000 Pause, P. Leslie, K. Wilde, Pat Henshaw, P. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/69p5n7fx <p>Sediments of Monterey Bay are divisible into five heavy mineral provinces. Two of the provinces are from the Salinas and Pa,iaro rivers, the other three are not traceable to any known source. Sediments of the Salinas River have high garnet content, and the minerals glaucophane and lawsonite distinguish the Pajaro River sediments. A mineral province is restricted to beach sands along the north shore of the bay, and is carried into the bay by longshore drift from the northwest. The heavy mineral provinces do not coincide with the age differences of the sediment cover. The San Lorenzo River does not produce a detectable mineral province.</p><p>The grain size of the sediment cover decreases uniformly with water depth from the shoreline to a depth of 300 feet, then becomes coarser in a band along the edge of the continental shelf. Grain size modes correspond to conditions of wave agitation over most of the bay. Polymodal samples and samples not in agreement with this relationship... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/69p5n7fx Thu, 11 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0000 Yancey, T. E. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5xj1j9mn <p>This section of the study of Bolinas Bay deals with the heavy mineralogy of the 0.175 - 0.124; 0.124 - 0.088; and 0.088 - 0.061 mm size fractions of 49 sediment samples (Fig. 1) [see Isselhardt and others (1968) for grain size and sizing procedure] plus the 0.124 - 0.088 and 0.088 - 0.061 mm size fractions of one disaggregated cliff sample 2030. Offshore rock samples 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1998 and 2000 and cliff and shore samples 2027, 2028, 2029, 2031, and 2032 were not dis aggregated for mineralogical analyses. These rock samples will be discussed in Part C. Sample 1988 was lost and 2007 was too small for analysis.</p><p>The treated size fractions were divided further by separation in the heavy liquid tetrabrom-ethane (Krumbein and Pettijohn, 1938, p. 325) with a density of 2.95 gms/cc. Particles with a density greater than 2.95 gms/cc were called heavy. Particles with a density equal or less than 2.95 gms/cc were designated light. Grain mounts were made of both the heavy... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5xj1j9mn Thu, 11 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0000 Isselhardt, C. Osuch, L. Yancey, T. Wilde, Pat https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5k0945cv <p>The heavy mineralogy of the sand fraction for 44 offshore, 9 beach, and 3 stream samples for this region is determined optically. For each sample the percentage of the more abundant or more diagnostic transparent minerals is plotted graphically in order of persistence and additional data on accessory transparent minerals, opaques, and composite grains (rock fragments) are listed.</p> https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5k0945cv Thu, 11 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0000 Lee, J. Glogoczowski, M. Yancey, T. Wilde, Pat https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5f440431 <p>The Monterey deep-sea fan is an arcuate wedge of sediment that occupies 100, 000 square kilometers of the floor of the Pacific Ocean at the base of the continental shelf off the coast of central : .:. California. The slope of the fan surface gently decreases radially from an axerage 6f 28' at the apex of the fan, at a depth of 3000 meters, to an average of 07' at the outer edge of the fan, at depths about 4500 meters. Two parallel submarine channels (Ascension and Monterey east), which flow respectively out of the mouths of the Ascension and Monterey canyons, cut into the smooth surface of the fan and extend approximately 300 kilometers to the outer edge of the fan. Hydraulic functions (Leopold and Maddock, 1953) calculated for these channels O. 38, (2) D = 0. 39 Q 0. 34 are: (1) W = 17. 3 Q 0. 26 , and (3) V = 0.19 Q . The hydraulic functions indicate that the energy of the current, which ' forms the channel, is concentrated at the base of the current. Bankfull mean velocities... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5f440431 Thu, 11 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0000 Wilde, Pat https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4xk8j05g <p>I have expanded substantially my list of information sources on: tsunami generation (sources, impulsive mechanisms), propagation, effects of nearshore bathymetry, and wave run-up on shore - including physical (hydraulic) modeling and numerical modeling. This expanded list includes the subjects of field investigations of tsunamis soon after an event; damage effects in harbors on boats, ships, and facilities; tsunami wave-induced forces; damage by tsunami waves to structures on shore; scour/erosion; hazard mitigation; land use planning; zoning; siting, design, construction and maintenance of structures and infrastructure; public awareness and education; distant and local sources; tsunami warning and evacuation programs; tsunami probability and risk criteria. A few references are on "sedimentary signatures" useful in the study of historic and prehistoric tsunamis (paleotsunamis). In addition to references specifically on tsunamis, there are references on long water wave and solitary... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4xk8j05g Thu, 11 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0000 Wiegel, Robert L https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3x14b465 <p>The heavy mineralogy of the sand fraction for beach samples reported by Sayles (1966) and 10 new offshore samples from South Monterey Bay was determined optically. For each sample the percentage of the more diagnostic transparent minerals is plotted graphically in order of persistence: zircon, garnet, biotite, apatite, clinozoisite and epidote, lawsonite, green hornblende, oxy-hornblende, glaucophane, sphene, zoisite, augite, jadeite, hypersthene, enstatite, and tremolite &amp; actinolite. Additional data on accessory transparent minerals, composite grains (rock fragments) and opaque minerals are listed with each graph. An updated bibliography is presented to include all new work on the geology and sediment of Monterey Bay.</p> https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3x14b465 Thu, 11 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0000 Yancey, T. Wilde, Pat https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3pp8h8gg <p>The following work is part of a continuing study of the sediments and sedimentary processes of the continental shelf of central California done in cooperation between the University of California, Berkeley and the Coastal Engineering Research Center, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Sediment analyses of the samples were done at the University of California, Berkeley, utilizing the facilities of the Departments of Civil Engineering, and Geology, and the Institute of Marine Resources. The results of this study will be presented in three separate reports:</p><p>Part A Part B Part C Introduction and Grain Size Data (this volume) Mineralogical Data Interpretation and Summary of Results.</p><p>The first two reports, Parts A and B, raw data will be presented with little or no interpretation. In Part C the authors' interpretation of the data plus background information and previous work in the study area will be given.</p> https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3pp8h8gg Thu, 11 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0000 Yancey, T. Isselhardt, C. Osuch, L. Lee, J. Wilde, Pat https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2nz5m9bs <p>This is Part 2 of the report. It has two components. They are: 1.(Sections A and B). Sources added since the first report, and corrections to a few listed in the first report. 2.(Sections C and D). References from both the first report and this report, listed in two categories: Section C. Planning and engineering design for tsunami mitigation/protection; adjustments to the hazard; damage to structures and infrastructure Section D. Tsunami propagation nearshore; induced oscillations; runup/inundation (flooding) and drawdown. For convenience, a few sources are listed twice, under title and under author(s). It should be recalled that the water waves now most commonly known as tsunamis, in the past were also called tidal waves or seismic sea waves.</p> https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2nz5m9bs Thu, 11 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0000 Wiegel, Robert L. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2kf907bg <p>The following work is part of a long term study of sediment trans port on the Continental Shelf of Central California. In particular, it is hoped that the data presented here will be useful also to the general study of the factors that influence the natural environment of Bolinas Lagoon now being conducted as a cooperative effort involving the University of California, Berkeley; the U. S. Corps of Engineers; the U.S. Geological Survey; the Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service; and consultants for the Bolinas Harbor District.</p><p>The analyses of the marine sediments of Bolinas Bay were done at the University of California, Berkeley, utilizing the facilities of the Departments of Civil Engineering and Geology and the Institute of Marine Resources. The results of the marine study will be presented in three separate volumes:</p><p>Part A — Introduction and Grain Size Data Part B — Mineralogical Data Part C — Interpretation and Summary of Results</p> https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2kf907bg Thu, 11 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0000 Isselhardt, C. Osuch, L. Wilde, Pat https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2hn7h88m <p>Grain s i z e , heavy mineral, and o r g a n i c c o n t e n t a n a l y s e s of 43 marine and 9 i n t e r t i d a l and f l u v i a l samples p l u s d a t a from 28 marine samples from a previous study by Sayles (1965) form the d a t a i n t e r p r e t a t e d in t h i s r e p o r t f o r the area landward of 90 meters depth (50 fathoms) from P i l l a r Point t o Pigeon P o i n t , C a l i f o r n i a , between t h e Golden Gate and Monterey Bay.</p><p>This study i n d i c a t e s : ( 1 ) ' The grain s i z e of t h e sediment decrease off shore except f o r a nose of c o a r s e r sediment from -36 t o -50 meters extending from the north t o the l a t i t u d e of Half Moon Bay. (2) The heavy mineralogy is dominated by hornblende w i t h v a r y i n g amounts of a u g i t e and hypersthene. F r a n c i s c i a n m i n e r a l s a r e found only i n t r a c e amounts. (3) Three major source areas f o r t h e s u r f a c e sediment a r e apparent (a) a great v a l l e y-... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2hn7h88m Thu, 11 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0000 Wilde, Pat Lee, J. Yancey, T. Glogozowski, M. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/24v319h6 <p>The flood plain formed by detritus deposited by the Los Angeles, San Gabriel, and Santa Ana Rivers, and several streams is a multi-river delta at the coast and shelf of San Pedro Bay, a hook-shaped bight in southern California. It is between Point Fermin (southeastern tip of Palos Verdes Hills) on the northwest and Newport Bayl Corona del Mar bluffs at the southeast. The 30-mile long shore has been extensively modified by anthropogenic activities and by natural events which are described; construction of dams for flood control (which also traps sediments), river mouth structures, ground subsidence owing to oil, gas and water withdrawal, structures and dredging at the entrances of landlocked bays (Alamitos, Anaheim, Newport), development and operation of marinas and navigation channels, encroachment by buildings and infrastructure. Sand beaches are along almost the entire shore: Long Beach Municipal Beach, Belmont Shore Beach, Seal Beach, Surfside Beach, Sunset County Beach,... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/24v319h6 Thu, 11 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0000 Wiegel, Robert L. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1jf7g583 <p>This study seeks to examine patterns of longterm sediment movement along a portion of the California coast centering around the mouth of San Francisco Bay. Naturally-occurring heavy minerals were used to trace the influence of the several sources of sediments. Surface samples were collected from beaches and from t~e 8djacent portion of the shelf under less than 130 feet of water. The samples obtained were analyzed mechanically.and petrographically. Six petrographic provinces were differentiated on the basis of physical and mineralogical properties.</p><p>It was found that sands south and west of the Golden Gate in less than 60 to 100 feet of water reflect the mineralogy of San Francisco Bay sedim~nts, a"d samples from the mollusk-rich Bolinas Bay and adjacent areas to the north and west contained large amounts of aragonite. Sediments in 60 to 100 feet of water west of the Golden Gate are unusually high in hornblende and sediments in more than 100 feet of water are somewhat... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1jf7g583 Thu, 11 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0000 Moore, Donald Bruce https://escholarship.org/uc/item/19s21804 <p>The following work is part of a continuing study of the sediments and sedimentary processes of the continental shelf of central Califor nia done in cooperation between the University of California, Berkeley, and the Coastal Engineering Research Center, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. Sediment analyses of the samples were done at the Univer sity of California, Berkeley, utilizing the facilities of the Depart ments of Civil Engineering and Geology and the Institute of Marine Resources. The results of this study will be presented in three separate reports:</p><p>Part A Introduction and Grain Size Data (this volume) Part B Mineralogical Data Part C Interpretation and Summary of Results</p><p>The first two reports, Parts A and B, will be presented with little or no interpretation. In Part C the authors' interpretation of the data plus background information and previous work in the study area will be given.</p><p>The area covered by this report extends from Pigeon Point in the north... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/19s21804 Thu, 11 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0000 Lee, J. Yancey, T. Wilde, Pat https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0wr8r6xf <p>This is Part 3 of the report. As in Tsunami Information Sources: Part 2, it has two components. They are: 1.(Sections A and B). Sources added since the first two reports, and corrections to a few listed previously. 2.(Sections C and D). References in Sections A and B (and a few from the earlier report that were not so listed), that can be classified in one of the following two categories: Section C. Planning and engineering design for tsunami mitigation/ protection; adjustments to the hazard; damage to structures and infrastructure Section D. Tsunami propagation nearshore; induced oscillations; runup/inundation (flooding) and drawdown</p> https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0wr8r6xf Thu, 11 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0000 Wiegel, Robert L. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/271336ss <p>Urbanization increases stormwater run-off volumes through the widespread use of impervious surfaces. This leads to localized flooding, water pollution and morphologically degraded water bodies. Rain gardens – a shallow, vegetated form of bioretention – are one strategy for mitigating these hydrologic consequences of urbanization. Rain gardens in highly urban areas typically require greater infiltration rates due to their smaller volumes. The application of urban rain gardens in a Mediterranean climate is further challenged by contrasting wet and dry seasons. These have significant implications for run-off, infiltration, treatment and plant survival. Soil selection is critical to all of these, because it performs the necessary and competing functions of drainage and plant-available water retention. An appropriate soil mix will sufficiently infiltrate stormwater to reduce run-off, while also holding some plant-available water to reduce irrigation needs during dry periods. Similarly,... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/271336ss Tue, 3 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0000 Anglin, Bojana https://escholarship.org/uc/item/33j1d812 <p>The omission of groundwater from California’s Water Commission Act of 1914 was a strategic political maneuver that ultimately favored the growth of a labyrinthine administrative network and led to an unsustainable system of resource management. While groundwater was excluded ostensibly to protect constitutional property rights, it was also exempted in order to facilitate unregulated groundwater extraction and unrestrained agricultural productivity. In this longitudinal casestudy of Salinas Valley groundwater management, I examine how administrative systems have developed under California Water Law in a sitespecific context. The Monterey County Water Resources Agency has been forced to reconcile its task of combating saltwater intrusion with its constituents’ resistance to restraints on groundwater pumping. Though the Agency has made significant progress in its understanding of the basin’s hydrogeologic dynamics, its initiatives have been confined to supply augmentation measures... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/33j1d812 Wed, 15 Jul 2009 00:00:00 +0000 Sarna-Wojcicki, Daniel https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8z4732qk <p>Lagunitas Creek and San Geronimo Creek in Marin County, California provide some of the best habitat for endangered coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in the southern part of their range, making it a priority for local and federal agencies to collect habitat and biological data throughout the watershed. For this paper, we synthesized numerous years of existing data, including flow, sediment conditions, endangered coho salmon densities, and one year (2001) of macroinvertebrate biological assessment data to investigate biotic and abiotic interactions among physical habitat, juvenile coho, and macroinvertebrates. We found that summer juvenile coho densities in Lagunitas Creek were negatively correlated with annual peak mean daily flow, whereas in San Geronimo Creek, variation in peak mean daily flow did not significantly impact juvenile density. Although macroinvertebrate prey were not limiting factors for juvenile coho in 2001, increased coho density was correlated with significant... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8z4732qk Wed, 1 Jul 2009 00:00:00 +0000 Ball, Joanie Diver, Sibyl Hwan, Jason https://escholarship.org/uc/item/88f2t1st <p>How can stormwater management design be incorporated into public school campuses to provide ecological and educational benefits while reducing the impacts on San Francisco’s combined sanitary/storm sewer system?</p><p>Schools in San Francisco have a large percentage of impervious surfaces on their campuses, and the City’s combined sanitary storm sewer system has aged to a point of necessary upgrade. These two issues converge on the subject of stormwater management, where a potential synergy exists. Schools are landscapes for education, so why not provide an educative landscape for the school that addresses the City’s infrastructure issue? Demonstration projects for innovative stormwater management can address not only flooding issues but also educate students and communities about water pollution, water conservation, habitat value, micro-climate value, and benefit the overall aesthetics of a community.</p><p>This paper specifically discusses green stormwater infrastructure... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/88f2t1st Wed, 1 Jul 2009 00:00:00 +0000 Diamond, Hayley Gaffney, Andrea https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7jj319ws <p>In drought-prone northern California, homeowners can collect rainwater to irrigate their waterintensive summer vegetable gardens. Rainwater harvesting requires a three-part system: a method of collection (commonly the roof), a form of storage (cistern) and a method of distribution (a pump, filter and soaker hose are proposed here). To optimize and properly size a rainwater harvesting system, homeowners should consider both their rainwater supply and their garden’s water demand. Gardeners can reduce demand by planting early to take advantage of spring rains and by grouping crops according to irrigation needs. The authors analyze the water use of a sample garden, which they adapt to both Berkeley and Sacramento. In both of these cities, one can collect more than enough rainwater to support a small vegetable garden: an individual homeowner’s water supply is more likely to be limited by storage capacity than rainfall. Ultimately, although rainwater harvesting can supply adequate... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7jj319ws Wed, 1 Jul 2009 00:00:00 +0000 Smith, Adrienne Esterer-Vogel, Elisabeth https://escholarship.org/uc/item/66z191pd <p>Alameda Creek is one of the few remaining streams in the San Francisco Bay Estuary that has the potential to regain a viable steelhead trout population (Oncorhynchus mykiss). While great effort is underway to remove large barriers throughout the watershed, lesser known are the impacts of smaller structures in the lower reaches. The objective of my study was to determine if a decommissioned rubber dam, a check dam, and a temporary sewage pipe crossing impeded movement and/or created conditions that were unfavorable for outmigrating steelhead smolt during low flow periods. For the study I gathered data on temperature, depth, and channel form. The results showed that the rubber dam created inhospitable conditions of &lt; 0.1 ft depth and water temperature of 20C in April across a 54 ft flat cement surface. Although the check dam and the sewage pipe crossing were less restrictive for smolt passage, all of the structures created environments that increased the risk of smolt predation.... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/66z191pd Wed, 1 Jul 2009 00:00:00 +0000 Cervantes-Yoshida, Kristina https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5kt93100 <p>While the problem of sedimentation slowly filling dams and reservoirs is innate to the structures, it is especially significant in Mediterranean climates that rely on reservoir storage to mitigate out-of-phase water availability and demand. Reservoirs and their impounding structures have significant impacts on in-stream and riparian ecosystems. Several preventative and mitigation measures have been designed by engineers to limit sediment accumulation and the ecological impacts of reservoirs. Dam removal has been documented to have significant environmental benefits for restoration of aquatic ecosystems and native fisheries but may also lead to eroded floodplains, impaired downstream habitat and loss of flood control capacity. The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) establishes goals and guidance designating “heavily modified water bodies” and achieving “good ecological potential,” but definitions of these terms are not clearly defined. In addition, sediment management... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5kt93100 Wed, 1 Jul 2009 00:00:00 +0000 O'Reilly, Clare Silberblatt, Rafael https://escholarship.org/uc/item/55t3w69c <p>The recovery of populations of anadromous fish species such as coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), a state and federally listed species, has been a major driver in both regulatory and voluntary efforts to protect and manage instream water quality and quantity in the coastal watersheds of Northern California. While prominent portions of California law (Public Trust Doctrine, California Water Code § 100, California Fish and Game Code § 1700, and California Public Resources Code § 10000-10005) state the need to protect water resources for environmental purposes, California’s legal requirements for obtaining and maintaining surface water rights largely inhibit the ability of individual water rights holders to contribute to this cause. In my review of California water law and current instream flow programs I found that regulatory-based methods for dedicating water rights to instream flows currently involve time and monetary costs that are prohibitive for most water rights holders.... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/55t3w69c Wed, 1 Jul 2009 00:00:00 +0000 Alford, Chris https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4kt879x0 <p>The Coliseum Complex and its associated parking lot create almost four million square feet of continuous impermeable surface. This vast expanse of pavement extends all the way to the edge of two adjacent drainage channels, Damon Slough and Arroyo Viejo Creek. Existing site conditions indicate that the stormwater that falls on this surface runs untreated directly into these adjacent waterbodies. This paper analyzes the site’s conditions based on available data and proposes strategic actions and a concept plan for stormwater management. The proposals incorporate both hydrologic and cultural constraints of the site, including the presence of underlying soil contaminants, a planned bicycle and pedestrian path to the north of the site, and the use of the parking lot as a major social gathering spot for cultural groups associated with the sports arena. In addition this paper discusses the regulatory context for this stormwater retrofit as well as mechanisms which could be used to... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4kt879x0 Wed, 1 Jul 2009 00:00:00 +0000 Jones, Jesse Kraai, Rachel https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1xj9m7nv <p>This paper compares the cost per acre-foot to the East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD) of conservation versus an increase in size of Pardee Reservoir. The paper analyzes two components of the EBMUD’s 2009 Water Plan for meeting demands in 2040: promoting more rigorous conservation methods for its customers, and increasing the size of Pardee Reservoir by the construction of a new dam ¾ mile downstream from the existing location. Additionally, the paper analyzes five documents published by EMBUD over the last 12 years, for discussion of reservoir expansion, conservation targets, and climate change.</p> https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1xj9m7nv Wed, 1 Jul 2009 00:00:00 +0000 Mourad, Bessma https://escholarship.org/uc/item/16f4q4hp <p>Mapping channel geomorphology, riparian vegetation and the extent of anthropogenic disturbance of river corridors has traditionally been conducted laboriously in the field. With the implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD), member states are mandated to complete river basin management plans requiring such fieldwork in order to achieve good ecological status by 2015. Thus, deriving wider land cover information from remotely sensed data will be an integral addition to fieldwork in order to meet the requirements of the WFD. The objective of this study was to use two types of remote sensing data, LiDAR and ortho-imagery, to delineate channel morphologies and to field check the analysis in the field to test the accuracy of the remote sensing techniques and assess their applicability for the WFD. Using Carneros Creek, in Napa, CA as a testing ground because of the publicly available LiDAR and ortho-imagery datasets, I achieved 80% accuracy in identifying large terrace... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/16f4q4hp Wed, 1 Jul 2009 00:00:00 +0000 Beagle, Julie https://escholarship.org/uc/item/04f465nq <p>Flood management planning by the Army Corps of Engineers (Army Corps) on Pajaro River and Correlitos Creek changes from the first levee design in 1945 to the most recent planning actions in 2004 as reflected in flow calculation and project design. The scope of project objectives expanded from the initial flood control project to the more recent whole watershed management study. The Pajaro River experience reflects the trend in flood management from 1945 to current day from single objective engineering methods to regulate flood flows in specific reaches of the river to a more holistic watershed management approach with multiple objectives. The European Union’s Water Framework Directive and Flood Directive are models for multi objective planning, which work together to improve rivers and streams to good ecological status. By looking to the previous channel restoration occurring in the European Union, and the influence of the good ecological status requirement of the WFD and FD,... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/04f465nq Wed, 1 Jul 2009 00:00:00 +0000 Jagger, Stacie https://escholarship.org/uc/item/04k4410p <p>The focus of this proposal is to examine relevant creek restoration research and existing restoration projects and to apply the resulting knowledge to the specific conditions at Blake Garden to develop a conceptual model for the restoration of this section of Cerrito Creek. This proposal builds on goals and data that were compiled as part of a prior student restoration proposal. A literature review, case studies, interviews and a site survey provide data about the restoration of similar creeks, future visions for Cerrito Creek and existing creek conditions. Based on the compiled data, a system of step pools is recommended to restore channel stability in this reach of the creek. Channel geometry is based on a restoration model with similar characteristics, Baxter Creek in Pointsett Park. Step pool geometry is determined using a ratio between step height, length and channel slope. Channel visibility and physical access are revealed as important aesthetic concerns. Recommendations... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/04k4410p Thu, 5 Feb 2009 00:00:00 +0000 Behrends, Nathaniel https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3c76c585 <p>Tassajara Creek is located in Dublin, California, and drains an area of 23.2 square miles. Alameda County restored a one mile reach of the river in 1999 and 2000 to stop the channel incision and reestablish the riparian vegetation and habitat. Subsequent monitoring by University of California, Berkeley, students determined that the restoration efforts successfully halted the channel incision. This paper establishes the progress of the riparian habitat restoration through plant transects and photomonitoring. The plant transects and photomonitoring are based on the monitoring surveys established in 2000 and 2001 by Davis Environmental Consulting. We concluded that plant diversity and plant growth increased since 2001. Six new species were observed in the plant transects, and plants in 2008 were 1.5 to 8 times their original height in 2000. We also observed a reduced total number of plants Reach 1, when compared with 2000, which may be due to the death of weak plants over the... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3c76c585 Wed, 21 Jan 2009 00:00:00 +0000 Trinh, Michelle Percelay, Julie https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7t25g32p <p>Wildfire in steep, chaparral watersheds increases runoff and erosion, which increases sediment transport from the hillslopes to the channel network. This process may cause a flux of fine sediment into streams, burying riffles and pools, or might cause a debris flow borne flux of large boulders and woody debris, eventually creating new complex fish habitat. The Basin Complex and Indians Fire of June - July, 2008 burned almost the entire upper Carmel River watershed (116 km2) in the Los Padres National Forest, Monterey County, California. I made field observations of dry ravel in a steep, narrow tributary and conducted channel surveys and grain size analysis in riffles and pools at two study reaches along the mainstem upper Carmel River. This baseline geomorphic analysis will allow me to monitor the changes in threatened steelhead and resident trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) spawning and rearing habitat this winter and compare these changes with those observed along the same study... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7t25g32p Tue, 20 Jan 2009 00:00:00 +0000 Richmond, Sarah F https://escholarship.org/uc/item/61b080n8 <p>In mountainous terrain, road-crossings may impair creeks by impeding fish passage, increasing sediment delivery to stream channels, and altering surface and subsurface flow paths. The objectives of this study were to quantify the short-term impacts of 6 road-crossing reconstruction projects on alluvial creeks in the Klamath National Forest of California. I used a Before-After-Control-Impact study design with 1 set of data pre-construction, 1 set of data immediately following construction, and 2 sets of data over the following 2 yr. The data included measures of fine-sediment deposition, grain-size, longitudinal-profiles, cross-sections, and benthic macroinvertebrates. This study found little impact on fine-sediment deposition or grainsize. The majority of longitudinal-profiles and cross-sections tended to incise upstream in response to culvert replacement, but the responses were largely site-specific. Furthermore, most morphological changes in slope and bed elevation were minimal.... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/61b080n8 Tue, 20 Jan 2009 00:00:00 +0000 Lawrence, Justin E https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5z39x8jb <p>San Gregorio Creek drains approximately 51 square miles, debouching into the Pacific Ocean approximately 40 miles south of San Francisco. The San Gregorio watershed historically supported populations of steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and coho salmon (O. kisutch). These federally listed species are still present in the watershed, however; their habitat has been significantly altered due to a variety of land-uses, such as logging, grazing, and residential development. Although a variety of factors have contributed to the overall degradation of salmonid habitat in the San Gregorio watershed, the Highway 84 transportation corridor arguably has had the greatest direct impact over the past sixty years due to its location immediately adjacent to, and often crossing, the watershed’s main stem.</p><p>Both regulatory agencies and local stakeholders have expressed interest in restoring habitat for salmon within the San Gregorio watershed. Understanding the overall quality and quantity... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5z39x8jb Tue, 20 Jan 2009 00:00:00 +0000 Alford, Chris https://escholarship.org/uc/item/37t7f5hb <p>With the populations of anadromous salmonids in steep decline throughout California, many river restoration projects attempt to bring fish back to tributaries by enabling fish passage and creating spawning habitat. Carneros Creek, a tributary of the Napa River, is an incised and sinuous stream which poses a challenge for restoration planning land use management, as the watershed supports steelhead runs and valuable agricultural land. We documented the physical channel morphology of a 150 meter long reach in the Upper Carneros Creek using ground based Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) scans and assessed grain size using pebble counts in order to gain insight into restoration and management opportunities. These data provide a baseline geomorphic assessment for future restoration projects and allowed us to compare velocities predicted by 1-dimensional (1D) and 2-dimensional (2D) models. For the 1D model, we simulated flows by pulling out cross-sectional points from the LiDAR... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/37t7f5hb Tue, 20 Jan 2009 00:00:00 +0000 Beagle, Julie Marzion, Rachael Matella, Mary https://escholarship.org/uc/item/31x0q95r <p>Many restoration projects have taken place on Codornices Creek. This paper briefly compares Codornices Creek to Alameda Creek, another creek found in the East Bay area, to demonstrate that Codornices Creek is very well funded, even though it is a considerably smaller and less important creek than Alameda Creek. It then chronologically documents the goals, funding, and monitoring status of the known projects that have taken place on Codornices Creek. Through this study, the author is able to show that the scope of restoration projects occurring in the Codornices watershed have changed over time and have become increasingly complex and comprehensive and also that as projects are completed successfully, greater funding and support will follow.</p> https://escholarship.org/uc/item/31x0q95r Tue, 20 Jan 2009 00:00:00 +0000 Fullmer, Chris https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2864v3vr <p>The Chorro Flats Floodplain Reconnection project in Morro Bay, California is referred to as a successful restoration project because of the thorough planning process and consideration of geomorphic processes in the project design. The Chorro Flats project was part of a suite of projects in the Chorro Creek watershed intended to reduce the sediment load into Morro Bay, a highly productive estuary threatened by an increased rate of infill. In this paper, we present a post-project appraisal one decade after construction. We evaluate the project through several research questions that examine floodplain reconnection, sediment capture, geomorphic changes, and post-project monitoring. Due to a convergence of fortuitous factors and thorough planning, the project achieved sediment capture through floodplain reconnection. In addition, the project achieved its secondary goals to develop in-stream habitat and a healthy riparian zone. We found that monitoring efforts were difficult to... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2864v3vr Tue, 20 Jan 2009 00:00:00 +0000 O'Reilly, Clare Pollak, Josh https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9cg8n96f <p>Water resource governance in California is characterized by complex jurisdictional relationships and overlap between agencies tasked with specific mandates. This is exemplified in the California Delta, where critical needs such as flood control do not fall exclusively within the purview of any one entity and therefore must be addressed through coordination and collaboration at multiple scales. Yet CALFED, recent effort to produce integrated, collaborative governance in the Delta, has had mixed results. In this paper, we examine accountability within the existing governance system in the Delta. As a thought experiment we ask how accountability would function in a hypothetical governance system that incorporates principles from the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) into the context of the Delta. Network-based governance approaches such as CALFED blur the lines between public and private authority. They challenge traditional notions of vertical, top-down / down-up accountability... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9cg8n96f Tue, 29 Jul 2008 00:00:00 +0000 Di Vittorio, Sarah Cole, Noelle Cooper, Tamar https://escholarship.org/uc/item/96r2m2c6 <p>There are many sources of urban river degradation from channel straightening and culverting for flood control and development, to point and non-point source pollution, and altered flow regimes due to urbanization and increased impervious surfaces. In this study, we focus on the hydrologic impact of impervious surfaces in an urban watershed in the East Bay area. We used the Water Framework Directive (WFD), recent legislation in Europe, to understand how a watershed approach and systematic waterbody characterization can guide restoration efforts. Specifically, we applied the WFD to Sausal Creek Watershed and developed a conceptual restoration plan that incorporates watershed-scale low impact designs (LID) to restore a natural flow regime and in-stream restoration to enhance the physical habitat. We modeled the change in runoff due to urbanization, and calculated the total area required to mitigate for stormwater. Our results show a nearly two-fold increase in peak flow from... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/96r2m2c6 Tue, 29 Jul 2008 00:00:00 +0000 Ippolito, Teresa Podolak, Kristen https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8499s6xt <p>The eastern edge of San Ramon, California, close to the Dublin border, is undergoing considerable residential development. Work in this area began at a development called Windemere in 2001 with the first homes being available for sale in 2002. The population, along with the number of housing units, in San Ramon has increased. I suspect housing developments are impacting the volume of water in the streams which may increase the risk of flooding. I compared the impacts of urbanization on stream peak flow in two neighboring drainage basins, the Alamo Creek and Tassajara Creek. Using 28 meter six band Landsat Imagery (landsat.usgs.gov), I measured Alamo Creek drainage basin and found it consists of 32 percent developed land area while the Tassajara Creek drainage basin is 6 percent developed land area. I made this determination using a maximum likelihood classification algorithm to delineate developed areas from non-developed land. I used the Rantz Method, to calculate the... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8499s6xt Tue, 29 Jul 2008 00:00:00 +0000 Dingman, John https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7bn8787n <p>Many dams built over the last century in California no longer provide their intended benefits and may pose ecological and safety risks. However, a lack of clear regulatory framework, further complicated by a lack of scientific understanding of the impacts of dam removal, has handicapped many efforts to remove such outmoded dams. We investigate these challenges through a case study of York Creek Dam in St. Helena, California and show the need for standard protocols to prioritize and monitor dam removals. As a thought experiment, we explore how dam removal would proceed under the European Union Water Framework Directive (WFD) and argue that California can learn from the WFD’s systematic, watershed approach to improve dam removal decision-making. However, the monitoring programs under the WFD are driven by ecology and therefore provide little guidance on monitoring channel changes to evaluate whether dam removal increases the risk of flooding for downstream property, a major... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7bn8787n Tue, 29 Jul 2008 00:00:00 +0000 Lawrence, Justin E Pollak, Josh D Richmond, Sarah F https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6wx269zj <p>The European Union Water Framework Directive (WFD) provides a strategy for the protection, improvement and restoration of water bodies across Europe. However, in urbanized areas where the drainage network has been engineered for flood conveyance and floodplains have been densely developed, the cost of restoration is usually disproportionate to the ecological benefits such restoration would provide. This project applies the EU WFD to the densely urbanized Lower Sausal Creek Watershed in Oakland, California. While the WFD provides economic insight, recent popularity of stormwater intervention strategies in US urban areas offer alternatives to in-stream creek restoration with additional community benefits. Our Lower Sausal Creek Watershed Stormwater Management Plan addresses stormwater pollution and detention through small, cost-effective landscape features at the lot level. The strategies include retention/ conveyance swales with trees, neighborhood trees, large lot interventions... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6wx269zj Tue, 29 Jul 2008 00:00:00 +0000 Li, Hong Wardani, Jane https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5sw858bf <p>In this study, I analyzed the impact of land-use on mercury and methylmercury in the San Francisco Bay area and I explored correlations of mercury and methylmercury with various water quality indicators using water and sediment quality data from the Regional Monitoring Program. To understand the relationships of land-use and water and sediment quality with mercury and methylmercury concentrations, I conducted a correlation coefficient analysis using Microsoft EXCEL 2007. In the San Joaquin Delta watershed and the Suisun Bay watershed, heavy metals showed strong relationship with methylmercury. Developed land uses such as industrial, commercial services and urban built-up had a strong relationship with methylmercury, while agricultural land uses generally had a negative relationship with methylmercury. Mercury and methylmercury had a strong positive relationship with clay, silt, and fine sand. Mercury had significant negative correlation with pH and significant positive... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5sw858bf Tue, 29 Jul 2008 00:00:00 +0000 Kim, Hyojin https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5mv4g9v1 <p>A Decade of Changes in the Wildcat Creek Flood Control Channel, North Richmond Abstract: The lower Wildcat Creek flood control and riparian restoration project was one of the first of its kind and is commonly cited in literature on river restoration. The project was initially constructed in 1989 but was reworked in 2000. The project consists of small low flow channel which meanders through a riparian corridor which is adjacent to a larger flood plain. Contra Costa County conducted yearly cross-sectional surveys of the channel until the year 2005 when they abruptly stopped. These surveys were instrumental in determining morphological changes to the channel due to deposition of sediment and scouring of the channel. Survey data was crucial in determining whether sediment removal was necessary to keep the project functioning. I went out to the project site in early May 2008 to survey six cross-sections of the channel. These cross-sections were compared to cross-sections from previous... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5mv4g9v1 Tue, 29 Jul 2008 00:00:00 +0000 Ginsberg, Ben https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4qt8v88d <p>The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta is one of California’s most important geographic regions. It supports significant agricultural, urban, and ecological systems and delivers water to two-thirds of the state’s population, but faces extremely high risks of disaster. Largely below sea level and supported by 1,100 miles of aging dikes and levees, the Delta system is subject to frequent flooding. Jurisdictional and financial disincentives to better flood planning prevent coordination that might otherwise reduce both costs and damages. This study highlights one possible flood mitigation technique called a relief cut, which is an intentional break in a downslope levee to allow water that has overtopped or breached an upslope levee to drain back into the river. This flood management technique is "smart" when located in appropriate areas so that floodwaters can be managed most efficiently and safely after a levee break.</p><p>We identify four key constraints and make four recommendations... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4qt8v88d Tue, 29 Jul 2008 00:00:00 +0000 Fransen, Lindsey Ludy, Jessica Matella, Mary https://escholarship.org/uc/item/11r5p44p <p>The Tijuana River Watershed is one of eight watersheds that encompass the urbanized area of San Diego and Tijuana. The San Diego - Tijuana cross border corridor lies along the 1,951 mile long international border dividing the United States and Mexico, known as the U.S. Mexican Border Region (San Diego Association of Governments). It is currently the fastest growing region in North America (US / Mexico Border Counties Coalition) and accounts for roughly a third of total population growth in the United States and Mexico over the last 15 years (United States Census Burea / Consejo Nacional de Poblacion). The Tijuana River Watershed straddles this international boundary revealing economic inequalities, ecological devastation and social disparities that exist between the two countries. Tijuana has always had a unique role in the region attracting tourism, providing a cheap labor pool and as a staging ground for those trying to pass North through the border to the United States.... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/11r5p44p Tue, 29 Jul 2008 00:00:00 +0000 Friedman, Noah https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3zr5b4tv <p>The effects of golf courses on water quality and biotic integrity have been of interest to researchers, managers, and companies (e.g. pesticide producers) since the 1980’s. In Milliken Creek, Napa, CA the impacts of golf courses on water quality are of special concern because of the creeks reputation of being one of the last few streams in Napa city to have a robust Steelhead population and it runs through a golf course. In this study I use benthic macroinvertebrates and the California Streamside Biosurvey to investigate potential effects of Silverado Country Club golf course on the health and integrity of Milliken Creek. I collected three benthic macroinvertebrate samples and conducted visual physical habitat surveys at four sites (n=12 total), upstream, downstream, and two within the course. I found no significant differences between the biotic index scores among the sites (p=0.29, d.f.=11, F=1.47) and slight differences in % EPT, taxa richness, and physical habitat.... https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3zr5b4tv Fri, 18 Apr 2008 00:00:00 +0000 Fraiola, Kauaoa https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7rm646zk <p>The San Francisco Public Utilities Commission (SF PUC) is investigating the feasibility of daylighting historical urban creeks to mitigate flooding and combined sewer overflows in an attractive and multi-functional way in San Francisco. Yosemite Creek in southeastern San Francisco’s McLaren Park has been identified as a potentially feasible site in which to pilot a daylighting project, which could provide insight into other San Francisco projects and/or into a citywide daylighting policy. Drawing upon lessons learned from similar creek daylighting projects in similar cities elsewhere - as enumerated in Part I (Smith 2007) - Part II recommends a demonstration daylighting program in McLaren Park, sized to contain the 100 year storm. Clear goals and incorporation of monitoring and maintenance costs into the initial budget will be critical to the ability of the project to both inform future projects and adapt over time to meet goals over the long term.</p> https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7rm646zk Fri, 22 Feb 2008 00:00:00 +0000 Smith, Brooke Ray