Recent its_path items

Promoting Research Results and New Technologies: Making the Case for Accelerated Deployment

Wed, 1 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Deploying innovations in transportation products and services to stage 5 of the product development process represents a growing challenge for the Caltrans division ofresearch and innovation.

Mobile Century Final Reportfor TO 1021 and TO 1029: A Traffic Sensing Field Experiment Using GPS Mobile Phones

Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Traffic monitoring is most commonly accomplished with government-deployed, dedicated equipment. Adopting new technology in this paradigm can be costly and slow. However, recent advances in the mobile internet, cell phone technology, and location-based services may be leveraged to transcend the old paradigm. Doing so will reduce costs, increase coverage and yield a wealth of new data that will empower the traveling public with real-time access to current traffic conditions. Furthermore, transportation operators will gain access to an unprecedented wealth of information to help them better manage road networks.

Effectiveness of Information and Control ITS Field Elements on Commuter Trips

Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

There have been many Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) elements deployed on highways to efficientlymanage traffic, alleviate congestion, and improve safety. However, transportation management agencies are lacking systematic methodologies to identify commuters’ needs and perception regarding ITS elements. In addition, there are few reliable tools and performance measures that can assess the effectiveness of those elements on commuters and travelers. This research project intends to address these problems by analyzing both tangible and intangible benefits of information and control field elements and assessing their overall impact on commuters. The CCIT research team used a commuter survey to measure intangible benefits; and conducted a micro-simulation method to evaluate quantitatively the effectiveness of traffic-information-related field elements such as CMS and 511/HAR. The final outcome of the research will place more emphasis on the effectiveness of ITS field elements...

Freeway Performance MeasurementSystem (PeMs), PeMS 7.0

Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

PeMS 7.0 is the latest of eight task orders devoted to research, development, andmaintenance of the PeMS system (there was one mid-year task order, PeMS 6.5).PeMS collects, processes, stores, and makes available online data from nine Caltransdistricts (D3-8, 10-12). The data are obtained from 23,871 loops1, grouped into 9,306 vehicle detector stations (VDS). These loops cover 3,495 out of 30,572 directional-miles of interstate and state highways in California. We now describe the accomplishments under the nine tasks that constitute the PeMS 7.0

project.

Travel Times on Changeable Message Signs Volume II - Evaluation of Transit signs

Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Real time traffic information on Changeable Message Signs (CMS) has gained popularity in urban areas where congestion and incidents frequently affect vehicle travel. CMS have been used to broadcast information about corridor downstream delays, traffic incidents and estimated travel times. Displaying accurate travel times on CMS helps commuters assess traffic, alleviates driver's stress, and allows drivers to make better route decisions. Knowing the driving times to popular destinations, travelers may be able to map their driving to the less congested route or chose a different form of transportation. Moreover, signs are the most effective means to communicate real-time, relevant information to motorists. Unlike a radio broadcast, signs target drivers passing a given location. Hence, the message is highly likely to be of interest to those drivers.

Travel Times on Changeable Message SignsVolume Ill - Travel Time

Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Innovative Corridors Initiative:Call for Submissions Process and Evaluation

Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The Innovative Corridors Initiative represents an innovative business model for public agencies to partner with private industry to improve transportation system management and provide real time information to users. The Call for Submissions (CFS) issued by Caltrans, MTC, LA MTA, ITS America, and CCIToffered private industry access to public rights-of-way and data. However, no funds were offered as part of the CFS, meaning the companies that submitted a proposal and participated needed to have the capacity to self-fund their projects. This report provides a summary of the processes to implement the CFS, including public outreach, proposal review, negotiations between the public agencies and private companies, operations, coordination with the 2005 ITS World Congress in San Francisco, and project closure. Researchers chronicled the lessons learned throughout the process through a series of interviews conducted with the parties involved. Especially important were findings related...

Travel Times on Changeable Message Signs

Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

New requirements to enhance the functionality of the system MITTENS system emerged. As s result, a new version of the software, MITTENS 2.0, was developed during this project. The new system is flexible in using different data sources other than 511 data to calculate travel time. In addition, MITTENS 2.0 is able to handle smart message display by dynamically generating highway travel times, transit times, and destinations. Furthermore, it is capable of comparing transit travel time and highway travel time. This feature enables the system to display the transit travel time when there is an advantage in using trains during peak hours. The objective was to provide comparative information for commuters and encourage motorists to use transit system in the rush hours. The evaluation study on the transit sings showed positive effect of commuter behavior. For this version, the administrator Graphical User Interface (GUI) was deployed and CCIT continued enhancing the GUI. The new enhancements...

Mobile Millennium: GPS Mobile Phones as Traffic Probes, California Networked Traveler - Safe Trip 21 Phase II

Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Recent advances in mobile devices and internet technology have led Caltrans to investigate a data collection solution that offers improved data reliability and availability at a significantly lower cost. It has been postulated that information from GPS cell phones could provide position and speed data for highways and arterials in near real time over much of the transportation network. Position and speed data provided by mobile phones or other GPS enabled devices being transported in vehicles is normally referred to as probe data. The Mobile Millennium project was established to determine if the collection and use of probe data for traveler information and traffic management was technically and institutionally feasible in order to provide a more reliable solution to the collection of traffic data. The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley), Nokia Research Center, and NAVTEQ collaborated to design, test, and implement...

Optimal Sensor Requirements

Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

PATH Task Order 6328 addresses the optimal deployment of traffic detectors on freeway to ensure that adequate information is collected at the lowest possible cost. The project team produced a study framework and tools that can be applied locally to test the sensitivity of traffic data quality to detectors location and spacing, and ultimately recommend a deployment plan.

Monitoring of High-Occupancy VehicleLanes in Districts 3 & 4

Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

California law currently allows certain permitted low‐emission vehicles (i.e., hybrids) to use high‐occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes regardless of the number of occupants. In September of 2006, the maximum number of permits to be issued was raised from 75,000 to 85,000. The Caltrans analysis after the issuance of 50,000 permits concluded that hybrid vehicles were not causing breakdown on California HOV lanes [1]. However, studies of the effects of hybrid single‐occupancy vehicle use on HOV facilities around the nation indicate that California HOV lanes will become congested eventually, especially if Hybrid vehicle permits continue to be issued after the current cap of 85,000 [2]. Therefore, flow sensors coverage must be adequate to monitor increasing congestion, and assess the wisdom of proposed increases in the permit cap. Moreover, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) requires that HOV facilities receiving federal funding allow hybrids only if doing so doesn’t degrade the...

Efficient Deployment of Advanced Public Transit Systems (EDAPTS)

Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In May of 2007, CCIT started Phase 1 of a 3#Phase program aimed at turning the outcomes of “Efficient Deployment of Advanced Public Transit Systems” (EDAPTS) research and development into a readily#available set of resources to help public transit agencies across California implement Advanced Public Transportation Systems (APTS). Consistent with Caltrans’ Division of Research and Innovation’s (DRI) terminology for research conduct, the program was nicknamed “EDAPTS Stage 5 deployment.” It includes, in phase 3, the commercial deployment of EDAPTS on a public transit property to be determined.

Homeland Security: Keeping Abreast of Transportation Security Technologies and Best Practices

Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The California Center for Innovative Transportation (CCIT), with sponsorship from the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), identified the Caltrans security needs and viable security technologies and best practices to mitigate the potential security risk. The project team created a server for hosting the security forum and security research reports. The access to the server is controlled by a two-level access control for general security documents and security forum respectively. We synthesized some lengthy security reports and posted them to the server. We also presented the project overview, security server and forums to Caltrans, western state Department of Transportation (DOTs), nationwide state DOTs via web-based broadcast (webinar) and at Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) World Congress 2008. Since the objective of this project is to help Caltrans employees keep abreast of the latest security technologies and best practices, the final project report is...

Use of Detection Data to PromotePerformance Measurement (PeMS Training)

Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The goal of TO 1003 was twofold: to expand awareness and interest in freeway performance measurement among Caltrans planning and operations personnel, as well as build expertise in the use of performance measurement for freeway analysis, system management practices and other planning and operations functions.

I-880 Corridor Management Plan Demonstration

Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

It is clear that transportation infrastructure expansion will continue to fall behind the pace of demand. If conditions are to improve, or at least not deteriorate as fast, a new approach to transportation decision making and investing is needed. The Corridor system Management Plan for the Nimitz (I-880) Freeway corridor in the Bay Area is a “first cut” template that integrates the overall concept of system management into Caltrans’ planning and decision-making process.

Innovative Corridors Initiative:Business Model Analysis

Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The Innovative Corridors Initiative (ICI) Business Model Analysis examines public-private partnerships designed to deploy intelligent transportation system (ITS) technologies that can improve transportation system management and provide real-time information to users. This study builds on the business models proposed by industry in response to the ICI Call for Submissions (CFS). 1 In addition, case studies examine the business models that are developing between the private and public sectors for roadside rest stop wireless Internet access, vehicle infrastructure integration, and Traffic.com, Inc. Caltrans’ current procedures for encroachment and procurement are reviewed briefly to identify possible areas of conflict that may need to be resolved prior to launching future CFS-style solicitations. Planning recommendations are provided to assist Caltrans with planning for future CFS-style solicitations, including considerations regarding goals, purpose and project partners, authority,...

Industry Forum on Travel Times

Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This document summarizes the work carried out by the California Center for InnovativeTransportation (CCIT) for the planning, implementation, and the closing phase of the Travel Time Industry Forum held in San Diego on December 14, 2005. It is broken up into three parts which describe, respectively, the three tasks laid out in CCIT's August 2005 Proposal to the Division of Research and Innovation of Caltrans:

• Task 1: Programming and coordination• Task 2: Workshop logistics and delivery• Task 3: Analysis and recommendation

Evaluation of Automated Workzone Information System (AWIS) CHIPS(Computerized Highway Information Processing System)

Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Improved real-time automated motorist information around workzones can help relieve congestion and improve safety around those workzones. Several Automated Workzone Information Systems (AWIS) are being deployed around the nation. The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) requested that The California Center for Innovative Transportation (CCIT) evaluate the Computerized Highway Information Processing System (CHIPS), which is an AWIS developed by ASTI Transportation Systems. The system is able to detect traffic congestion (using its traffic sensors) in the work zone area and then deliver appropriate messages to motorists (via its port~ble message signs) as they approach or pass through a work zone.

Corridor Management Plan Demonstration

Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The Corridor Management Plan Demonstration (CMPD) aims to develop a template for corridor system management plans that can be used for both planning and operational analysis. The primary objective of CMPD is to improve traditional corridor management planning by incorporating detailed, multi-modal performance measurement and evaluation, and innovative micro-simulation modeling techniques. The template willhelp to address the problem of lost system productivity during congestion; it will alsohelp to create effective corridor management plans, thus improving statewide transportation mobility, safety and productivity. CMPD represents the first attempt by the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) to develop phased and integrated corridor system management strategies by incorporating state-of-the-art operational analysis into more traditional transportation planning processes.

Innovative Transportation Products and Services, Final Report

Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

CCIT Task Order 5, Innovative Transportation Products and Services, was an umbrella TaskOrder under which three independent projects took place. Accordingly, the final report for this Task Orde.r gathers the three project reports.

The three project reports are as follows:

• Evaluation of an Incident Detection Camera Network in. the San Francisco Bay Area

(9 p.)

• An assessment of the factors influencing the scalability of the Smart ·Parking Field

Operational Test at Rockridge. BART, conducted by the. systems integrator (25 p.)

• Evaluation of wireless traffic sensors manufactured by Sensys Networks inc. (121 p.)

Each report is a stand-alone document .

Freeway Performance Measurement System(PeMS), PeMS 6.5

Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

PeMS 6.5 is the latest of seven task orders devoted to research, development, andmaintenance of the PeMS system. While most PeMS research grants coincide with fiscal and academic years (July-June), this project started mid-year in response to a number of feature and maintenance requests (i.e. it was too late for Pe MS 6 and too soon for PeMS 7). PeMS collects, processes, stores, and makes available online data from nine Caltrans districts (03-8, 10-12). The data are obtained from 23,871 loops 1, grouped into 9,306 vehicle detector stations (VDS). These loops cover 3,495 out of 30,572 directional-miles of interstate and state highways in California. We·now describe the accomplishments under the six tasks that constitute the PeMS 6.5 project.

Travel Times on Changeable Message Signs in District 4

Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Real time traffic information on changeable message signs (CMS) has gained popularityin urban areas where congestion and incidents frequently affect the reliability of trip times. Signs have been used to broadcast information about downstream delays, incidents and travel times in a corridor. Under normal conditions, trip time is the most practical information that commuters can use to assess traffic, alleviate their stress, and ultimately make decisions on their route. Being aware of driving times to popular destinations, travelers may be able to choose an alternate route early if it appears that their intended route is too congested. Moreover, signs are the most effective mean to communicate real-time, relevant information to motorists. Unlike a radio broadcast, signs target drivers passing a given location, so that the message is highly likely to be of interest to those drivers. On-demand media such as phone or internet-based services require the user to operate a specific device,...

Privately-‐Provided Commuter Bus Services

Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study focuses on transit initiatives provided by private companies to meet regional commute travel demand. Specifically, the research spotlights privately-‐provided commuter buses that operate during peak hours and offer customer-‐oriented routes with limited stops and coach amenities to suburban employment destinations. This type of service differs from those provided by intercity bus companies, including Greyhound, which are primarily intended for destination travel rather than routine commuting. Defined here, privately-‐provided commuter bus service refers to the private provision of coach service to suburban employment sites from residential areas, service that may or may not be associated with a public transit agency.

Freeway Performance Measurement System (PeMS), PeMS 6: Final Report for CCIT TO 15

Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

PeMS 6 is the latest of six task orders devoted to research, development, and maintenance of the PeMS system. PeMS collects, processes, stores, and makes available online data from eight Caltrans districts (D3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12). The data are obtained from 22,067 loops1, grouped into 8,649 vehicle detector stations (VDS). These loops cover 3,154 out of 30,572 directional-miles of interstate and state highways in California. PeMS began as a research project. As the research system evolved, Caltrans determined that the information it provided was very valuable, and additional resources were then directed towards the development of PeMS. Faculty, post-doctoral fellows, and graduate student researchers at U.C. Berkeley (UCB) conduct the research element of the project. Berkeley Transportation Systems (BTS) is responsible for PeMS software developmentand system maintenance. The UCB and BTS groups meet weekly. There are periodicconferences with members of Caltrans Division of Traffic...

Next-Generation HICOMP System

Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

For this report data is collected from almost 2,300 miles of the California's most heavilytraveled urban freeways. There are two methodologies for collecting HICOMP data. The most frequently used method resorts to probe vehicles to sample traffic conditions on 'typical' days. The other method is to collect traffic measurements directly from fixed traffic detectors. In 2001, Caltrans Districts 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, and 12 only used probe vehicles, District 7 only used loop detectors, and Districts 8 and 11 used a combination ofboth methods.

Portable Advanced Traveler Information Systems

Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) provide dynamic safety, delay and other information to travelers to help plan their trip (pre-trip) as well as during their trip (on route). The dissemination of traveler information is typically done through internet, cellular phones, telephones, kiosks, television, radio, in-vehicle systems, and fixed road-side ITS (Intelligent Transportation Systems) elements such aschangeable message signs, highway advisory radio, etc.

Statewide Travel Times - Business Case & Technology Deployment

Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Travel times on preset highway itineraries are one of the most tangible outputs of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Travel times constitute an effective metric to describe level of service on roadways. It is a fine indicator of congestion and is well understood by the traveling public. Under this research the current capabilities of Caltrans to collect accurate travel time estimates on the highway network, andto identify the technologies and business models that could most effectively enhance these capabilities were assessed. The results of this report, includes the following elements: A look at the value of travel time information, which is clearly associated with the quality of the underlying data; A survey of technologies available to collect traffic data; A series of systematic studies to characterize the quality of travel time information and evaluate its range;An industry level effort conducted through the North American Traffic WorkingGroup (NATWG) to harmonize...

Berkeley Highway Lab, Final Report

Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

CCIT Task Order (TO) 10 was awarded primarily to allow the CCIT staff to enhance the operation and upgrade the functionalities of the Berkeley Highway Lab (BHL) during Fiscal Year 2004-2005 (FY 04-05). BHL is a 2.7-mile freeway testbed on Interstate 80 in Berkeley and Emeryville. It features, among other equipment, 168 loop detectors and 8 bird eye’s view video cameras. Applications of BHL include micro- traffic studies, simulation calibration and validation, and field-testing of detection equipment and other hardware. Because of the amount of information available, it is also a good site for any type of ITS or traffic management pilot project.

Rural Issues with Optimal Sensor Placement for TransportationApplications

Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Many types of sensors are used in managing transportation systems. These sensors supply criticalinformation used by transportation managers for a variety of purposes such as real-time responseto changes in travel and traffic conditions, or planning for improvements to the transportationsystem. In the absence of well developed methodologies to plan the deployment of these sensors,the processes that are used in selection of their location do not always follow a set of criteria thatoptimize their usefulness. Development of location selection guidelines will assist transportationmanagers in making the most efficient use of these sensors. This is particularly true in ruralareas, given the unique challenges related to topography and remoteness. This report provides anoverview of some of the issues and concerns encountered in locating sensors in rural areas thatare used for assessment of travel conditions, incident detection, incident verification andcollection of planning data. The...

Systems Engineering

Mon, 29 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This purpose of this research would be accomplished by documenting best practices in systems engineering for ITS projects and evaluate the benefit of the recommendedSystems Engineering processes for ITS to other system development processes within the department. During the course of the TO 11 Evaluation project, the project teamconducted extensive communication and coordination with significant stakeholders at all levels, including thirteen Divisions, three Districts, key offices, and individual experts.Over 100 key project development documents were reviewed as well. Findings from the project were presented during followup meetings (including Caltrans Executive Management). The result was the “Systems Engineering Evaluation for ITS Projects” report released June 2006.

Drivers’ Responses to Eco-driving Applications: Effects on Fuel Consumption and Driving Safety

Thu, 4 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Onboard eco-driving systems provide drivers with real-time information about their driving behavior and road conditions, encouraging them to optimize their driving speed and consequently reduce fuel consumption and emissions. However, there are barriers to making eco-driving a habit. To determine the elements that influence drivers’ intentions to practice eco-driving and their acceptance of eco-driving technology, we developed a theoretical model based on established theories on planned behavior, technology acceptance, and personal goals. The findings showed that drivers’ intention to practice eco-driving has an indirect effect on their intention to use the system via the factor of perceived ease of use. We also explored how cognitive distraction while using an eco-driving system can be a potential barrier to acceptance. The intent is to put forward a solution to improve drivers’ usage eco-driving by turning off guidance when the system detects that the driver is experience from...

Traffic Operations Data Standards: Task ID 4085 (65A1019)

Mon, 4 Aug 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Transportation data standards are an increasingly important and complex topic, as well as a key enabler of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). New data sources, private data providers, and uses for transportation data are exploding. The ability to harness data is at the core of modern efforts to improve the safety of our transportation system and advance mobility for the benefit of all. There is an increasing need for automated data exchange between public agencies and private organizations to improve existing operations and enable new products and services. In addition, the provision of public safety is another overlapping area where first responders require up-to-date and reliable information to succeed in theirmissions.

Connected Corridors: I-210 Aimsun Microsimulation Model

Thu, 17 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This document provides a description of the Aimsun Next model that was developed for the I-210 Pilot Integrated Corridor Management (ICM) System.

Improving the Traffic Census and Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) Programs

Wed, 4 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The objective of this research study was to support the Traffic Census and Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) Programs in identifying locations for motorized traffic data collection on public roads in California. The study analyzed the traffic census count locations for each District to determine at which Census count locations the automated and continuously collected Caltrans Performance Measurement System (PeMS) data could be used in lieu of manual traffic counts. Next, this research identified and evaluated count locations for motorized traffic data collection on non-State Highway System Routes to help meet Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) requirements for the Caltrans Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) program. Lastly, this research reviewed and summarized the emerging traffic data collection technologies and data sources appropriate for Caltrans HPMS and/or Census reporting purposes.

Field Experiments Demonstrate Fuel Savings for Close-Following

Mon, 4 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0000

There are only two ways to increase the throughput of vehicles on a highway—either construct more freeway lanes, or accommodate a shortened average spacing between individual vehicles (while maintaining speed). Providing a rational means for close-following is an attempt to accomplish the latter. The maximum throughput for a typical freeway lane is about 2000 vehicles/hour, and is roughly independent of the attributes of any particular freeway. The number is remarkably inelastic varying little over the past twenty years in spite of great improvements in the design of freeways and in the handling characteristics of automobiles (see Browand, Zabat & Tokumaru, 1997, for a recent example). Surprisingly, the average vehicle spacing at maximum throughput is approximately 35 meters. Shortening this headway to the order of a car length (five meters, typically) while maintaining a high speed would provide a significant improvement in throughput....

Early Opportunities to Apply Automation in California Managed Lanes

Wed, 23 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Connected and automated vehicles hold the potential for substantial improvements to traffic safety, travel time reliability, roadway capacity, and environmental impacts and managed lanes have the potential to be ideal testbeds for CAV technologies. The purpose of this report is to identify specific opportunities to leverage California’s managed lane network as early experimental and pilot deployment sites for CAVs. To this end, we have conducted a detailed inventory of the managed lane facilities in California and applied evaluation criteria to identify two promising sites for future CAV tests and initial deployments. Our study recommends the I-15 Express Lanes in San Diego and the I-10 Express Lanes in Los Angeles for future CAV tests.

Reimagining Sensor Deployment

Thu, 5 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) collects megabytes of data every day using a dedicated traffic sensing infrastructure. The collected data provide support for traffic management and system performance monitoring activities that are crucial for supporting the agency’s mission, vision, and strategic goals to strengthen stewardship and drive efficiency. Operating this vast detection system requires extensive resources in the form of engineering and maintenance support, along with millions in capital funds to keep the system running. Within the above context, alternate hybrid data collection models utilizing purchased or third-party data to augment existing data collection system capabilities may enable a reduction in the number of physical detection stations required while maintaining suitable accuracy for Caltrans’ purposes. In addition to the potential for cost savings, the reliance on fewer physical sensors also offers the potential to reduce the exposure...

Hybrid Traffic Data Collection Roadmap: Pilot Procurement of Third-Party Traffic Data

Wed, 31 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This research investigates the feasibility and the business case for purchasing third‐party probe data and fusing it with Caltrans’ existing data for the purpose of estimating travel times. The intent was to demonstrate an efficient and cost-effective use of alternative traffic data sources to complement the detection systems currently installed and operated by Caltrans.

Hybrid Traffic Data Collection Roadmap: Objectives and Methods

Wed, 31 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Traffic data is used to estimate current traffic conditions so that travelers and agencies can make better decisions about how to use and manage the transportation network. This research explores the fusion of probe data (vehicle speed and direction) with loop data (density, speed, and count) in the context of producing overall network speed and travel time estimates. Speed and travel time estimates are useful in many circumstances, but current system control strategies (ramp metering, for example) require density data. While it is difficult to significantly increase the quantity of loop detectors on state highways, the penetration rate of probe data is continually increasing. Multiple data sources with various characteristics were fused by running probe and loop data through the Mobile Millennium highway model, generating velocity maps and travel times. The performance of data sources both individually and when fused was evaluated. It was found that the highest quality estimates...

Reduce Emissions and Improve Traffic Flow Through Collaborative Autonomy

Fri, 10 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This report explores opportunities for employing autonomous driving technology to dampen stop-and-go waves on freeways. If successful, it could reduce fuel consumption and emissions. This technology was tested in an on-road experiment with 100 vehicles over one week. Public stakeholders were engaged to assess the planning effort and feasibility of taking the technology to the next level: a pilot involving 1000+ vehicles over several months. Considerations included the possible geographical boundaries, target fleets of vehicles, and suitable facilities such as bridges or managed lanes. Flow smoothing technology may improve the user experience and operations of managed lanes or bridges, however it may require external incentives such as reduced tolls to entice the traveling public to use it. This must be matched with other goals such as verifying vehicle occupancy. It might be possible for some hybrid solution that addresses both challenges to provide a way forward. A concept of...

A Futures Market for Demand Responsive Travel Pricing

Fri, 10 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Dynamic toll pricing based on demand can increase transportation revenue while also incentivizing travelers to avoid peak traffic periods. However, given the unpredictable nature of traffic, travelers lack the information necessary to accurately predict congestion, so dynamic pricing has minimal effect on demand. Dynamic toll pricing also poses equity concerns for those who lack other travel options. This research explores a potential remedy to these concerns by using a simple “futures market” pricing mechanism in which travelers can lock in a toll price for expected trips by prepaying for future tolls, with the future price increasing as more travelers book an overlapping time slot. This approach encourages travelers to avoid driving during the peak periods when pricing increases toward capacity or to purchase trips in advance when the price remains low or discounted, thus using infrastructure capacity more efficiently. Travelers that do not prepurchase their trip are subject...

Deliver a Set of Tools for Resolving Bad Inductive Loops and Correcting Bad Data

Fri, 22 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This report documents a practical work conducted at California PATH for developing a portable tool to be used at the control cabinet level to accurately diagnose any fault(s) of a loop detection system (including loop circuits, loop cards, cable links, etc.), to check the detection accuracy, to deal with sensitivity of detector card, and to correct the faulty data. To achieve these functionalities at the low level, it is necessary to utilize an independent source as a baseline data to compare against the loop detection system output. Such a comparison also permits an evaluation of the loop system. Since multiple-vehicle tracking technologies using digital video camera on freeways have been well-developed and tested at PATH, it is used as the baseline measurement in the portable tool for the loop fault diagnosis. This report presents the development of a prototype system including the hardware, the software, the data communication method, and the algorithms. Some preliminary consideration...

Travel Behavior of Immigrant Groups in California

Fri, 22 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

California is the destination for over one-quarter of immigrants to the United States, and immigrants now make up over one-quarter of the state’s population, with nearly half of immigrants originating in Mexico. To ensure that transportation systems and services adequately meet the needs of recent immigrants, planners need a firm understanding of the travel behavior of immigrant groups. This paper reports on key findings from a three-phased study: (1) analysis of data on commute travel of California immigrants from the 1980, 1990, and 2000 Censuses; (2) focus groups with recent Mexican immigrants in six California regions on their transportation experiences and needs in six California regions; and (3) interviews with community-based organizations in nine California regions on the transportation needs and wants of Mexican immigrants. Analysis shows that the car is the most important means of transportation for immigrants; nearly two-thirds of all immigrants use single occupancy...

Red-Light-Running Collision Avoidance

Fri, 22 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Red light running (RLR) problem has been recognized as a significant safety problem in California as well as throughout the United States. This paper follows a two step process to develop enhanced signal timing models for possible reduction of RLR. In the first step, field data are collected with one-second resolution and discrete choice models are estimated to determine the significant influencing factors of RLR; in the second step, based on the findings from the first step, T7F software package as well as custom designed programs is used to find the enhanced signal timing plans that can potentially reduce RLR, while at the same time maintain the commonly used signal control objectives, such as intersection delay. Future research direction is also discussed.

Interim Report: Compliance and Commercial Vehicle Operators – A Systems Evaluation of the Problem and Virtual Solutions

Fri, 22 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This report documents a review of the literature for commercial motor vehicle inspection and compliance stations and its relationship with the growth of truck travel over the next 25 years and the lack of concurrent capacity increases in staffing at such stations. Problems result in that more commercial vehicles will need to stop for inspection with longer queues at weigh stations associated with increased congestion, increased wait times, more idling trucks, and increased safety hazards. Alternatively, without stopping at inspection and compliance stations other problems will result such as roadway pavement and structure damage, and safety-related and security-related issues. Proposed advanced technological solutions to these problems are examined focusing on the four areas of pavement damage, safety, air quality, and security.

The Freeway Performance Measurement System (PeMS), PeMS 9.0: Final Report

Fri, 22 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Under development and operation since 1999, PeMS now is the de facto repository for all Caltrans fixed-location detector data. The PeMS 9.0 effort completed seven tasks: (1) Control Algorithm Support; (2) Integration of Census Data in PeMS; (3) Investigation of Fidelity of 3rd Party Detectors; (4) OD estimation algorithm based on the fusion of the FasTrak data and the ITS-sensors; (5) Incorporating speed measurements reported from the field; (6) Incorporation of New Photolog Format; and (7) Development of Diagnostic Routines for Rural Facilities.

Evaluation of an Animal Warning System Effectiveness

Fri, 22 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The problem of vehicle/animal crashes is being addressed in this research. There have been a few new technologies that claim to accurately detect the large animals that cross our roadways. Each one has its own strengths and shortcomings. A close attention must be given to the selected site and the technology deployed based on its weather, vegetation, topography, and local animal types and sizes. In this project, we have reviewed a number of animal detection systems and selected one system with the most potential to serve the characteristics of the selected site and the local Deer. We did a preliminary test of the reliability of this system in a testbed in Lewistown, Montana. The results were encouraging. We also carefully selected a site that we felt could benefit the most from this safety improvement based on its physical and climatic characteristics as well as its high number of vehicle/animal crashes. We also designed and developed a data monitoring and recording system that...

Evaluate the Causes of Pedestrian and Bicyclist Traffic Fatalities and Injuries, and Establish Appropriate Countermeasures for Use in California

Fri, 22 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The three primary objectives of this project were to: (1) conduct research on existing bicycle and pedestrian safety programs and guidelines in the U.S. and internationally, (2) obtain and analyze existing data related to pedestrian and bicycle safety in California, and (3) assist in developing methodologies for producing safety action plans, identifying and selecting projects, conducting education campaigns, and targeting enforcement campaigns. To meet these objectives, SafeTREC developed a set of resources and tools for use in California. These resources make information and data on pedestrian injuries and fatalities in CA accessible to practitioners, researchers, and anyone else interested in obtaining information and improving conditions for pedestrians. The deliverables are individually summarized and included as appendices. These resources should be further developed and maintained to remain useful and appropriate.

Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control: Testing Drivers’ Choices of Following Distances

Fri, 22 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

A Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) system has been developed by adding a wireless vehicle-vehicle communication system and new control logic to an existing commercially available adaptive cruise control (ACC) system. The CACC is intended to enhance the vehicle-following capabilities of ACC so that drivers will be comfortable using it at shorter vehicle-following gaps than ACC. This can offer a significant opportunity to increase traffic flow density and efficiency without compromising safety or expanding roadway infrastructure.

This report describes the design and implementation of the CACC system on two Infiniti FX-45 test vehicles, as well as the data acquisition system that has been installed to measure how drivers use the system, so that the impacts of such a system on highway traffic flow capacity and stability can be estimated. The results of quantitative performance testing of the CACC on a test track are presented, followed by the experimental protocol...

Development of Performance-Based Specifications for Efficient Deployment of Advanced Public Transportation Systems (EDAPTS)

Fri, 22 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Efficient Deployment of Advanced Public Transportation Systems (EDAPTS) Smart Transit System was developed by California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo in a previous research effort from 1997 to 2007. California Partners for Advanced Transit and Highways (PATH) and the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) have sponsored follow-on research to develop performance-based specifications for the EDAPTS system. These specifications are intended to facilitate industry adoption and widespread deployment of EDAPTS transit management system. The EDAPTS Performance Specification was developed by reviewing industry performance specification best practices, identifying all unique EDAPTS elements, determining appropriate performance metrics for each element, and determining these performance metrics. All EDAPTS elements and their associated performance metrics were organized and imported into a database for ease of analysis and automated performance specification...

Field Demonstration and Tests of Lane Assist/Guidance and Precision Docking Technology

Fri, 22 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This document reports the improvement and implementation of the magnetic lane-guidance and precision docking system on a 60ft articulated bus and the extensive testing on a 0.9 mile test track installed with magnets along southbound East 14th Street, San Leandro, California between 139th and 150th Avenue on a real-world operation setting. The extensive testing in the real-world setting provided valuable opportunities to discover and thus resolved a number of issues that might have prevented the system from achieving high repeatability and reliability in the future deployment on a large, public scale.

Video Vehicle Detector Verification System (V2DVS)

Fri, 22 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

A practical need to assess the accuracy and attributes of each of the many types of roadway sensors and detectors motivated the California Department of Transportation to construct a traffic detector test bed on I-405 in Southern California. With up to ten detectors of different types under concurrent test in each of six lanes, a means for automating the testing process became imperative, since traditional human verification methods were not practical.

This project involved the development of an automated data acquisition and verification system that utilizes a consensus of the results from all detectors under test, along with those of a reference image processing system, to create a preliminary ground truth record requiring manual verification for only a small percentage of ambiguous cases. Individual detector performance is then assessed by comparison with this verified dataset. The test bed architecture, data fusion methodology, and computer vision methods are unique...

Addressing Equity Challenges to Implementing Road Pricing

Fri, 22 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Many public officials looking for ways to increase the efficiency, equity, and financial stability of transportation systems are turning to metering road use with electronic tolls. While tolling today is easier and cheaper than ever, officials face many obstacles to implementing tolling – especially concerning equity. Accordingly, this paper examines road pricing equity from a variety of perspectives. We begin by developing an evaluation framework that defines three distinct bases for evaluating equity – free markets, equal opportunities, and equal outcomes. We then use this framework to guide a review of five case studies of road pricing – in San Diego, Minneapolis-St. Paul, Germany, Stockholm, and New York – that explore how equity concerns have been raised and addressed in practice. We find that equity was a central question in each case, alternatively motivating (1) the implementation of pricing (Germany), (2) the funding of alternative modes...

SafeTrip 21 Initiative: Networked Traveler Foresighted Driving Field Experiment Final Report

Fri, 22 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This report describes the SafeTrip-21, Networked Traveler Foresighted Driving Field Experiment conducted as part of the US DOT’s SafeTrip-21 initiative. This experiment developed and evaluated an Advanced Driver Assistance System providing soft-safety or situational awareness alerts regarding “Slow Traffic Ahead” when driving on a freeway. The Networked Traveler system detects slow traffic or queues at several thousand locations in the Bay area, monitors the locations and speeds of its test subjects as they drive, and determines if the driver is approaching the slow traffic fast enough to warrant an alert. If so, the system alerts the driver through an auditory interface. The desired outcome is a foresighted reduction in speed, resulting in a smoother overall transition into the oncoming traffic queue. The system aims to reduce the likelihood of end-of-queue crashes on freeways, this being a subset of the class of rear-end crashes. The hypothesis is tested by computing measures...

Feasibility Study for the Use of Biodiesel in the Caltrans Fleet

Fri, 22 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Over the past several years, biodiesel use has dramatically increased due to its potential emissions benefits, classification as a low-carbon/renewable fuel and ability to be integrated into diesel fleet applications without significant infrastructure or other substitution issues. Caltrans has largest fleet in California, so biodiesel would provide many benefits in terms of meeting environmental and energy security objectives. However, all aspects of biodiesel use needed to be thoroughly investigated, including potential benefits and liabilities, prior to widespread introduction into the Caltrans fleet. In this research project, the University of California, Riverside (UCR) completed a thorough literature investigation, surveyed current users, attended national technical sessions designing the strategic road-map and reviewing the progress for biodiesel, wrote specifications for Caltrans purchase of biodiesel and carried out a twelve-month field demonstration at Indio. Results...

Estimating Pedestrian Accident Exposure

Fri, 22 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

We are pleased to present the final report of Caltrans Task Orders 5211 and 6211, “Estimating Pedestrian Accident Exposure.” The project focused on defining pedestrian exposure and evaluating methods for measuring it within the State of California. The project was funded by the California Department of Transportation as part of the California Partners for Advanced Transit and Highways (PATH) Program of the University of California.

Deliverables associated with the project include (I) a protocol report on assessing pedestrian exposure, which is accompanied by a training curriculum and an evaluation of manual pedestrian counting methods; (II) an evaluation and test of automated pedestrian counting methods; and (III) a report on strategies to create a statewide pedestrian exposure database and (IV) a protocol for Pedestrian Exposure Study in Alameda County. The deliverables are discussed in more detail below.

Investigation of Elderly Driver Safety and Comfort: In-Vehicle Intersection “Gap Acceptance Advisor” and Identifying Older Driver Needs

Tue, 19 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Our work in Toyota GapAdvise is comprised of two interrelated elements: identify driving task challenges, and a pilot study on one particular class of decision support system, an intersection gap advisor. From these elements, we have recommended countermeasures and potential design guidelines for the elderly driving population in the United States.

We performed our work in the following sequence of technical tasks, each corresponding to a section heading in this final report:

Determine Extent of Problem (Task 1). From crash databases and demographic data, we have determined the projected extent of the problem, extending from past work. From our synthesis and interpretation of data and publications, we have ranked causal factors.

Conduct Focus Group and Observational Analysis of Elderly Drivers (Task 2). Through focus groups and observing elderly drivers in their own vehicles, we have developed an understanding of the problems faced by elderly drivers.

Conduct...

Developing Calibration Tools for Microscopic Traffic Simulation Final Report Part II: Calibration Framework and Calibration of Local/Global Driving Behavior and Departure/Route Choice Model Parameters

Tue, 19 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The central goal of this research is to develop a systematic framework and the support tools to ease, streamline and speed up the calibration of micro simulation projects. Part II of the final report documents the accomplishments achieved in the first phase of the research project(a review of practice and calibration guidelines is documented in a Part I). These accomplishments include: 1) developed a calibration framework that decouples the calibration process into five components: project scoping and error checking, global parameter calibration, local parameter calibration, departure/route (D-R) choice parameter calibration, and global calibration, 2) developed GA-based calibration tools for local and global parameters, as well as D-R choice parameters, 3) integrated the developed tools into one user-friendly graphical interface, and 4) tested the developed methods and tools on synthetic and real networks. It is shown by working examples that the developed tools can help achieve...

A Tool for the Incorporation of Non-Recurrent Congestion Costs of Freeway Accidents in Performance Management

Tue, 19 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

In this research, we develop and apply an analytic procedure that estimates the amount of traffic congestion (vehicle hours of delay) that is caused by different types of accidents that occur on urban freeways in California. A key feature of this research is the development of a method to separate the non-recurrent delay from any recurrent delay that is present on the road at the time and place of a reported accident, in order to estimate the contribution of non-recurrent delay caused by the specific accident. Our analysis involves a case study of accidents that occurred on freeways in Orange County in 2001. The non-recurrent delay caused by the case study accidents is estimated based on inferred link speeds derived from loop data and a binary integer programming formulation to identify the temporal and spatial region affected by the accident. Computations of non-recurrent delay were successfully performed for 870 accidents that occurred on weekdays throughout the period of March...

On-Ramp Metering Experiments to Increase Freeway Merge Capacity

Tue, 19 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Observations of two freeway/on-ramp merges unveil the mechanism that causes their capacities to diminish when queues form just upstream. Field experiments at one of the sites demonstrate that by responding to occupancies measured near the merge, ramp metering can reverse this mechanism, or postpone its occurrence, and thereby generate higher merge capacities. Detailed observations at the second site imply that higher merge capacities can also be achieved using traffic control schemes that regulate inflows to the merge from the freeway shoulder lane. Collectively, the findings point to further experiments needed to refine capacity-enhancing control schemes so that such schemes might enjoy wide spread deployment.

California Trains Connected

Tue, 19 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This project is to assist the Capitol Corridor Joint Power Authority (CCIPA) and the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) assemble a decision framework for selecting wireless Internet access on behalf of customers riding the three California State sponsored Intercity Rail Services. To accomplish this objective, we researched the state of worldwide deployment of service based on the wireless technologies, such as wireless fidelity (WiFi) and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access(WiMAX), conducted a survey of the WiFi service at San Francisco Airport, and examined the historical ridership data on train routes of the Intercity Rail service. In addition, we conducted a survey on the trains offering trial Internet access based on low bandwidth communication infrastructure. The results are used with other data to develop business model options.

To support the business mode options, the project technical team researched the wireless technology landscape,...

Lane Assist Systems for Bus Rapid Transit, Volume I: Technology Assessment

Tue, 19 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This report documents the information collected by an FTA-led delegation to several European organizations that have had experience in the development and operation of transit lane assist systems based on three different technologies, including (1) optical guidance in Rouen, France, (2) magnetic guidance in Eindhoven, Netherlands and (3) mechanical guidance in Essen, Germany. It includes summaries of the briefings prepared by the European hosts in response to questions from the delegation, the discussions the delegation had with their hosts and observations based on riding the systems in public service. This report is accompanied by a CD ROM that includes the presentations given by the various hosts during the visit and pictures taken by the members of the delegation.

An Optimal Resource Allocation Tool for Urban Development Using GIS-based Accessibility Measures and Stochastic Frontier Analysis

Tue, 19 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Assessments of transportation investment from a “social efficiency” viewpoint are absent from transportation policy analysis and marketing practice. This is mainly due to the lack of tools capable to assess the role of transportation infrastructure investment on the provision of activity opportunities to residents of each locality. In this report, we demonstrate a tool that identifies specific locations in an entire state where resource allocation has succeeded in maximizing benefits to the public. In addition, the tool and the Geographic Information System maps derived from this tool show which locations in California fail to be optimal and require their residents to travel excessively to pursue the same amount of activities when compared to other optimal locations around the state where travelling enables better time allocation. Efficiency is measured using stochastic frontier regression analysis and a wide variety of derived land use and transportation infrastructure indicators...

California Intersection Decision Support: A Systems Approach to Achieve Nationally Interoperable Solutions II

Tue, 19 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The overall IDS research plan was constructed to realize, in slightly more than three years, the requirements, tradeoffs assessment, and technology investigations necessary to define an IDS. Toward the end of the project we will combine our understanding of the problem definition, IDS technologies and our integration experience with a standard Caltrans intersection (with advanced controller) and design a deployable IDS demonstration that can be field-tested.

With the availability of sensing, communication, and computing technologies, IDS systems are promising for the reduction of crashes, fatalities, and injuries on the roadway. Currently, Federal and State governments are partnering with private industries and academia institutions to pursue the deployment of intersection decision support (IDS) and cooperative intersection collision avoidance systems (CICAS), which seek to combine infrastructure-based and vehicle-based functions to provide optimal solutions for roadway...

Development of Bus Rapid Transit Information Clearinghouse

Tue, 19 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This report documents the development of the bus rapid transit information clearinghouse, which is a web-based informational tool on bus rapid transit systems. It may be accessed at the following website address: http://path.berkeley.edu/informationclearinghouse/. This web-based tool provides users with a comprehensive and organized first-stop way of performing bus rapid transit-related research and investigations. The initial version of the BRT Information Clearinghouse has three primary elements consisting of the Planning Support Tool, the Publications Database, and BRT Resources. The Planning Support Tool provides users directly with or pointers to information resources by walking users through the scope of a given situation and the nature of the issues being addressed to arrive at a set of resources to provide the necessary support. The Publications Database provides access to fully abstracted records of published and/or otherwise publicly available materials from professional...

Advanced Bus Stops for Bus Rapid Transit

Tue, 19 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA) is planning a bus rapid transit route on the alignment of its busiest existing route, with 30 stops in each direction. This study was conducted to determine how new technology could best be used to improve these bus stops as well as bus stops on other VTA routes and other bus systems. The study focused on bus passengers’ needs and preferences, available technologies, and the combination of improvements that would be most valued by passengers.

Passenger activities at the main bus stop were observed, an on-board passenger survey was conducted on the existing route, and a focus group of VTA passengers was convened to gain feedback on potential bus stop improvements. Schedule information, clean surroundings, shelters, benches and lights were found to be what the greatest number of people wanted at bus stops. Also highly valued was the time at which the next bus would arrive. Seventy-three percent of passengers surveyed...

Global Warning Signal Integration as a Tool for Work Zone Safety and Efficiency

Tue, 19 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

A work zone (WZ) is visually confusing, and while no WZ looks like any other, they all share a common feature. All of them present an array of flashing light signals which are especially prominent at night. These signals ignite with no relation to one another. Each, by itself, is designed to be highly visible, attention-getting and salient, being positioned high on vehicles, along barriers and on other equipment. In this two-part study we investigated ways to make the overall visual appearance of a WZ more compatible with the needs of passers-by. The first part consisted of psychophysical tests to assess the effect on lane keeping ability when the WZ signals were ignited synchronously, as opposed to asynchronous ignition. The second part investigated the feasibility of using wireless communication to coordinate light ignition times and to create coherence among the warning lights. The feasibility of triggering the signals in sequence to create a visible pattern that is instructive...

Reservation, Scheduling, and Navigation System for a Checkpoint DRT Service

Tue, 19 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The report fully documents a prototype system that has been developed to serve Demand-Responsive Transit (DRT). The DRT service is provided by means of buses and has been proposed for deployment (as a pilot project) in Fremont, California. The service itself is to be deployed in a “hybrid” fashion; i.e., service alternates between a traditional fixed-route mode and the DRT mode from one bus trip to the next.

The report describes the prototype systems from the perspective of the system users (i.e., customers, bus drivers and administrators). Further, the report describes system configuration and deployment. Software development notes are also provided so as to document the lessons learned from our development work. In short, the works shows that reserving DRT trips and dispatching the buses can be done in automated fashion.

San Joaquin Rail Corridor Crossing Survey

Tue, 19 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

In this project we have accomplished three goals. First, we have merged two existing, complementary databases in an effort to produce a single database that lists all the railroad crossings, and their known properties, in the San Joaquin Rail Corridor (SJRC). Second, we have demonstrated the practicality of using video data gathered from an existing Locomotive Video Data Acquistion System (LVDAS) to search for crossing violations in order to populate a database of crossing violations, which we term “near-misses”. By this means, crossings that are particularly susceptible to violations, considered a precursor to collisions, can be identified. Third, we have demonstrated a new in-pavement crossing signal based upon LED technology, that can serve to increase safety at crossings.

Optimizing Comprehension of Changeable Message Signs (CMS)

Tue, 19 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The goal of this research was to assist the California Department of Transportation (DOT) in optimizing the message content and presentation within changeable message signs (CMS). Optimized content will improve information transfer while at the same time minimizing the likelihood of congestion owing to slowing by motorists attempting to read the message. The research was restricted to simulated signs displaying 16 characters in each of three lines, representing permanent CMS displays, or signs containing only 8 characters in each of three lines, as is the case for portable CMS displays. While all information can be contained in a single screen for the permanent signs, multiple screens are often required for the portable CMS displays. This study specifically focused on “early vision” which is distinct from “cognitive processes”. Early vision problems are those relating to the limitations of the first several stages of the visual system. An example question of early vision is...

Berkeley Highway Laboratory Project: Final Report

Tue, 19 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This document is the final report for the 2004-2005 Berkeley Highway Laboratory (BHL) Project that is part of the University of California’s PATH program and supported by the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans). The primary objectives of this project have been to operate, maintain, enhance, and conduct research on the Berkeley Highway Laboratory (BHL) detector system. The project consists of following seven major tasks.

Task 1, Macroscopic Freeway Traffic Performance Measures

Task 2, Assessment and Improvements of Detector Diagnostics

Task 3, Installation and Testing of New BHL System at CCIT,

Task 4, Maintaining and Operating the BHL Detector System,

Task 5, Preliminary Design of Portable Detector Diagnostic Tool,

Task 6, Progress Reports and Advisory Meetings

Task 7, Preparation and Submission of Final Project Report

Evaluation of PeMS to Improve the Congestion Monitoring Program

Tue, 19 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The highway congestion monitoring program (HICOMP) report is based on data from tach vehicle runs or PeMS. Research under TO 5319 compares the accuracy and cost of these two alternatives. The detailed studies described in the report lead to the following conclusions and suggestions for follow-on work:

1. In freeway sections with good quality detectors spaced at most one-half mile apart, PeMS-based estimates of the magnitude, extent and duration of congestion are incomparably more accurate than those based on tach vehicle runs.

2. Because at most four days of tach run data are used to estimate the annual congestion over a freeway segment, the error in these estimates is on the order of 25 percent. (With only one day of tach runs, which is typical, the error is 50 percent.) The error in year to year comparisons is on the order of 35 percent, and so one can have no confidence in such comparisons published in the HICOMP report.

3. Because the location and number...

Commercial Motor Vehicles' Safety - A California Perspective

Tue, 19 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This report presents the findings of an examination of commercial motor vehicle crashes in California. Initially, a review of the basic descriptive statistics associated with truck-involved crashes in California was conducted; it covered the time period between January 1995 and December 2004 based on the Statewide Incident Tracking and Reporting System (SWITRS) data base, which contains information about every single motor vehicle accident in the state reported to a law enforcement agency. In addition to examinations of the entire population of truck-involved crashes in the state over the designated period, truck-involved crashes in Los Angeles County and the San Francisco Bay Area were also investigated. The next part of the report investigated the rates of truck accidents across California to determine the risk factors involved, including exposure to truck crashes, environmental conditions and demographic factors. The investigation involves modeling crashes as a function of...

A Low-cost Wireless MeMS System for Measuring Dynamic Pavement Loads

Tue, 19 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Work done under this "Innovative Proposal" may be summarized as follows. A closed-form series solution is provided for the displacement of a pavement loaded by a truck modeled as an Euler beam with elastic foundation under a moving load. A method is developed to estimate the load based on accelerometer measurements. Lastly, it was found that the measurement system that we built was not suited for the problem at hand because the accelerometer bandwidth was too high and the system could not isolate the accelerometer from ambient noise. This led to a new measurement system design. However, that design could not be built because of the limited resources available.

Evaluation of the Bay Area Incident Response System (BAIRS)

Tue, 19 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The Bay Area Incident Response System (BAIRS) is an integrated Web and GIS based incident tracking system that provides tools to improve California’s Department of Transportation (Caltrans) incident management capabilities. Currently, BAIRS aids District 4 Maintenance respond to and track over 33,000 incidents per year throughout the San Francisco Bay area.

The report presents the findings from the evaluation of the BAIRS system based on field data on incidents and traffic conditions. Through the implementation of BAIRS, incident response and clearance times were reduced by about 15%. Incident related delays were reduced by 210,000 vehicles-hours annually. The estimated BAIRS benefit-cost ratio is 5:1 based on the incident delay savings. Other benefits that are not reflected in the benefit-cost ratio include reduced fuel consumption and mobile emissions, and improved safety and access for emergency response vehicles.

Vehicle/Driver Monitoring for Enhanced Safety of Transit Buses

Tue, 19 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This report documents the findings of the study “Vehicle/Driver Monitoring for Enhanced Safety of Transit Buses” conducted as part of the PATH project TO5400. The goal of study TO5400 is todesign and implementation of a reliable vehicle/driver monitoring system with aim to enhance driving safety of transit buses.

The main objectives of the project are: (1) to identify a simply model that best describes the driving patterns of human drivers, and (2) to develop an algorithm which can generate warning messages when there is a provision of danger.

In this study, it is assumed that the driver sets the angle of the steering wheel in response to the lateral deviation of the vehicle from the center line of the road and/or the road curvature ahead of the vehicle which he/she infers from the visual perception. It is also assumed that the dynamic relationship between the lateral deviation and the road curvature (i.e. the inputs to the driver) and the steering angle (i.e. the...

Model of Human Vehicle Driving- A Predictive Nonlinear Optimization Approach

Tue, 19 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

When driving a vehicle the human acts as a controller in a highly dynamic environment. Thus human behavior in that control loop has to a large extent been described using control theoretical methodology. We develop a driver model, in which driving is seen as a model predictive control task in such away that the driver accumulates knowledge about his/her vehicle‘s handling properties. He/she builds a model out of that knowledge and uses it to predict the vehicle’s future reactions on his/her control inputs. The human’s behavioral optimization is reflected in the driver model by using that prediction model in order to optimize control inputs such, that a set of criteria, which reflect human well-being, are minimized. Prediction models and criteria depend on the current driving situation and on personal driver preferences. The principal properties of the driver model are discussed using very simple standard maneuvers like driving straight and cornering under different preferences....

Fault Diagnosis and Safety Design of Automated Steering Controller and Electronic Control Unit (ECU) for Steering Actuator

Tue, 19 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This final reports the fault analysis of precision docking system and safety design of the safety critical elements for precision docking system. The report includes three Parts, including:

Part I provides a description of the Precision Docking System and reports analysis for fault diagnosis and safety design of automated steering controller and Electronic Control Unit (ECU) for steering actuator. It also reports a demonstration PATH conducted during the National Intelligent Vehicle Initiative demonstration organized by the US Department of Transportation Joint Program Office.

Part II report an analysis and design for a reliable direct drive for the steering wheel column of buses.

Part III reports power system reliability.

Study of Integrated Corridor Management for San Francisco Bay Area I-880 Corridor

Tue, 19 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This document summarizes the efforts by the San Francisco Bay Area ICM team to develop the concept of operation, data needs and performance requirements for an Integrated Corridor management System for I-880 Corridor. Although the transportation management systems at the Bay Area are consistent with the regional ITS plans, these management systems are less integrated. It is believed that higher lebel of intergration among freeway and arterial systems, transit systems with consideration of all transportation needs demands in the region will greatly enhance and improve the efficiency and productivity of all individual systems. ICM benefits include, to name a few, enhanced ability of the partner agencies to provide true integration of multiple operational components of the corridor, better management of non-recurrent congestion caused by major incidents, unexpected high travel demand, and major construction and maintenance activities by allowing the full capacity of the corridor...

BTS (Version 1 .1) - Bottleneck Traffic Simulator User’s Manual

Mon, 18 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

BTS can be used to evaluate a variety of changes in highway design to improve bottlenecks, such as: (1) addition of highway lanes, (2) addition of automated or HOV lanes, or (3) incident management strategies to reduce the frequency, duration and magnitude of incidents. BTS can also be used to project future highway conditions as baselevel traffic grows or driver behavior changes.

The new version of BTS was enhanced to include incident dependencies, variable weather conditions, reneging, and randomly varying traffic volumes. As of yet, BTS is not capable of analyzing highway performance on a network basis. However, even in large networks delays are often dominated by a few key bottlenecks. BTS can be used to study the performance of these key locations.

Bus Lanes/Bus Rapid Transit Systems on Highways: Review of the Literature

Mon, 18 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This report documents a review of the literature illustrated by examples of bus rapid transit systems practice implemented on conventional highways. By conventional highways we mean arterials, freeways and busways, which are frequently referred to, respectively, as on-street and off-street bus service options. On-street bus facilities have widespread applicability because of their relatively low costs, ease of implementation, and opportunities for incremental deployment. For on-street facilities, numerous implementation options exist depending on the placement of the bus lane (curb or median), direction of flow (normal or contra-flow), mix of traffic (buses only (dedicated bus lanes), buses and taxis, buses and goods delivery vehicles, or mixed traffic flow with automobiles), and traffic controls (turn controls, parking, loading and unloading of commercial motor vehicles, and signalization). Off-street bus rapid transit running ways, however, require higher investments in land...

Design, Fabrication and Calibration of a Vehicle Tow Bar for Platoon Drag Measurements: A Working Report

Mon, 18 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

A longitudinal stability model for a 2 vehicle platoon yields a pair of linearly coupled equations that model the dynamics of the tow bar and the vehicles. Using reasonable approximations, the vehicle separation distance obeys a second order non-linear differential equation with constant coeficients. Spring force and damping are provided by a special shock absorber link. The towbar linkage can be made to serve as a low pass mechanical system. The design spring constant of 60 1bfAn and a damping rate of 200 lbf/ft/sec yield a low-pass system with sufficient damping and a cut of frequency of 0.78 Hz. Steady state spring extensions are of the order of several inches for vehicle spacing from 0.2 to 1.0 vehicle lengths (200.24 inches).

Development of Requirement Specifications for Transit Frontal Collision Warning System

Mon, 18 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This report documents the development of a preliminary specification for a transit bus frontal collision warning system, based on a system engineering approach. The research efforts included: 1) a literature review, 2) detailed analyses of the five-year safety records of a group of California transit properties to identify the causes of their safety problems, 3) an in-depth data collection and analysis from instrumented buses serving San Mateo County, CA, and 4) development and testing of three generations of transit bus frontal collision warning systems, incorporating enhancements to meet the needs identified by the bus drivers using the prototype systems. The analyses of the safety records and the combination of video and engineering data from the instrumented buses provide a uniquely rich pool of data for diagnosing transit bus safety challenges. The prototype warning systems incorporated innovations in signal processing to ensure that warnings are issued with high reliability...

A Focus Group Study of Automated Highway Systems and Related Technologies

Mon, 18 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The paper presents the findings of a focus group study of the automated highway system and its related technologies, specifically adaptive cruise control and collision avoidance systems, in the San Francisco Bay Area. A majority of the participants had a favorable reaction to AHS despite the fact that almost all were concerned about its safety and funding capability. Responses to the adaptive cruise control were generally positive. The focus group participants recognized the safety benefits, the convenience, and especially the stress reduction of using the automated highway system, when comparing it to the collision avoidance system.

Transportation Opportunities and Constraints: The Performance of Urban Highway Transportation

Mon, 18 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This report is the first in a series. The objective of the series is the definition of opportunities for shafp improvements in highway system performance, say, improvements on the order of two or more. Toward that objective, this first report considers system performance as such and the status of the economic and social services enabled by the system.

The report presents a first-pass analysis. Revisions are intended as the work continues.

Communication Requirements and Network Design for IVHS

Mon, 18 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This paper presents the communication needs between vehicles and the roadside infrastructure for IVHS applications. The requirements of each application, in terms of message length, frequency, and acceptable delay, are estimated. Based on these estimates, we assess the amount of radio spectrum needed to support these applications. We find that about 1.2 MHz is required to support full highway coverage. We discuss the topology and capacity allocation problems for the road-based network and present one possible implementation. We show a case study of network design and link capacity calculation for the San Francisco Bay Area highway system, as an illustration of the proposed solution. The results provide an indication for the communication media suitable for the network.

Are Public-Private Partnerships a Good Choice for U.S. Highways? A Review of the Literature

Mon, 18 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

In light of chronic funding shortfalls and waxing highway construction and maintenance demands, public private partnerships (PPPs) (often though not always in conjunction with road pricing) have been garnering increasing attention from government officials in the U.S. and abroad. Despite many strongly-held opinions on PPPs – both pro and con – systematic evaluations of their efficiency, effectiveness, equity, and feasibility are all too rare.

This paper is the first part of a research project that aims to rectify this shortage of careful, evenhanded, and rigorous analyses of PPPs by drawing on the research literature to develop a comprehensive PPP evaluation framework. Drawing on a careful and extensive review of the research literature, we (1) present the often misunderstood economic properties of highway and road infrastructure, (2) outline the rationales governments cite for engaging in PPPs, (3) review the various types of applicable PPP arrangements, and (4) describe...

EDAPTS Test Deployment: System Installation and Technical Review Report

Mon, 18 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) and the Federal Transit Administration (FTA) embarked on a research program entitled “Efficient Deployment of Advanced Public Transportation Systems” (EDAPTS) in the late 1990’s. The Bronco Express EDAPTS Stage 5 Deployment Demonstrationproject at California State Polytechnic University, Pomona (Cal Poly Pomona) is an integral part of this program. Its objective is to go through the procurement and deployment process of a low cost Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) solution to determine if the EDAPTS concepts are optimized for small transit agencies and if they can be successfully transitioned to the commercial marketplace.

This report documents the installation, verification, and validation steps associated with the Bronco Express EDAPTS Demonstration project. It identifies and summarizes procedures that are effective in installing and testing a lower-cost ITS system and provides a practical methodology for...

Traffic Management Systems Performance Measurement: Working Paper #2

Mon, 18 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Traffic Data System Improvement Plans were prepared for Caltrans Districts 1 1 (San Diego) and 12 (Orange County) as part of a research project on performance measurement for traffic management systems. The plans document data system objectives, data requirements, and existing data collection and management systems; evaluate the adequacy of existing systems; identify improvements and resource requirements; and document the districts’ priorities for action. Both districts have similar data systems, although Orange County’s is better developed. Both systems rely heavily on single-loop detectors for traffic surveillance. Both either have or plan to have current- generation data display and management software, complete coverage of urban freeways by loop-detector systems, extensive video surveillance systems, and fiber-optic communication systems. In addition, both provide or will provide computerized incident and equipment-status logging, adequate accident and traffic volume data...

A Link-Based Variational Inequality Model for Dynamic Departure Time/Route Choice

Mon, 18 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The dynamic user-optimal (DUO) departure time and route choice problem is to determine travelers’ best departure times and route choices at each instant of time. In a previous paper, we presented a route-based two-level optimal control model for the DUO departure time/route choice problem. However, this model is not appropriate for large scale transportation networks because some degree of route enumeration is necessary to solve the model. In this paper, we present a link-based variational inequality (VI) formulation for the DUO departure time/route choice problem so that route enumeration can be avoided in both the formulation and the solution procedure. The model extends our previous VI model for the DUO route choice problem to the case where both departure time and route over a general road network must be chosen simultaneously. By proving the necessity and sufficiency of this VI, we establish the equivalence of the VI formulation and the link-based DUO departure time/route...

An Object-oriented Database for IVHS

Mon, 18 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The objective of this proposal was to develop a database that integrates various elements-traffic simulation packages, data sets, and computational tools. The difficulty in integration was felt to be the incompatibility of data structures, formats, and software.

It was proposed to design, build and test a software environment with an open architecture that would facilitate a synergistic use of these software elements. The core of this environment was to be an object-oriented commercial database system that would be sufficiently general to support many software elements, and which would guide new software development.

The deliverables of this project were:

- A specification of an object hierarchy implemented in C++, and a graphical user interface to facilitate object specification;

- An interface to SmartPath so that simulation configurations and simulation runs can be stored in the database;

- An interface to the 1-880 database, developed...

Institutional Issues and Arrangements in Interoperable Transit Smart Card Systems: A Review of the Literature on California, United States, and International Systems

Mon, 18 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Many public transit agencies in California have implemented or are in the process of implementing smart card fare collection systems. Smart cards can provide riders with a convenient fare medium that eliminates the need for exact change, and offers riders one fare card that can be used across multiple modes, operators, and even different jurisdictions. For transit operators, smart cards can minimize fare fraud and pilfering, reduce operating and maintenance costs, speed up boarding times, and enhance data collection for planning purposes. One important objective of transportation planning in California is to increase transit ridership, and smart cards are widely viewed as a way to make transit use more convenient and appealing.

To date, transit agencies in California have begun to implement smart card technologies either as stand-alone systems that are incapable of interoperability with other systems, or as “regional” partner schemas where multiple agencies serving contiguous...

A Method for Relating Type of Crash to Traffic Flow Characteristics on Urban Freeways

Mon, 18 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

A method is developed to determine how crash characteristics are related to traffic flow conditions at the time of occurrence. Crashes are described in terms of the type and location of the collision, the number of vehicles involved, movements of these vehicles prior to collision, and severity. Traffic flow is characterized by central tendencies and variations of traffic flow and flow/occupancy for three different lanes at the time and place of the crash. The method involves nonlinear canonical correlation applied together with cluster analyses to identify traffic flow regimes with distinctly different crash taxonomies. A case study using data for more than 1,000 crashes in Southern California identified twenty-one traffic flow regimes for three different ambient conditions: dry roads during daylight (eight regimes), dry roads at night (six regimes), and wet conditions (seven regimes). Each of these regimes has a unique profile in terms of the type of crashes that are most likely...

Cal Poly Pomona EDAPTS Test Deployment Operations Description Version 6.0

Mon, 18 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This report documents the outcomes of the February 6, 2007 workshop. It presents the most valued system characteristics of the Bronco Express EDAPTS system through the use of scored operational scenarios. The operational scenarios included in this report are down selected from those described in the initial release (V3.0) of the Operations Description report. The Advisory Panel members considered only scenarios with medium or high priority to be worthy of final consideration as deployable elements. These selected scenarios will allow the researchers to have an overall understanding of how the system will need to function in daily activities, better characterize the benefits that will be realized, and define any limitations that will have to be accommodated when the system is actually implemented.

This report is intended to communicate overall quantitative and qualitative EDAPTS system characteristics to users, developers, integrators, dispatchers, administrative staff...

Weaving Analysis, Evaluation and Refinement

Fri, 15 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Weaving sections are common design elements on freeway facilities such as near ramps and freeway to-freeway connectors. When the traffic demands exceed the capacity at weaving areas congestion may occur, which affects the operation of the entire freeway section. Traffic operational problems also may exist at weaving areas even when traffic demands are less than capacity because of the complexity of vehicle interactions, resulting in poor level of service (LOS) and potential safety problems. Existing procedures for the design and analysis of freeway weaving sections have several shortcomings, and their practical application often produces inconsistent results.

This report describes the work performed under PATH Task Order 6304. The objective of the study was to evaluate the existing weaving analysis procedures to determine under which conditions the “best available” tools are most effective. The HCM2000, Leisch and Level D methods were evaluated using field data from 36...

Development of Hardware in the Loop Simulation and Paramics/VS-PLUS Integration

Fri, 15 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The report describes three research efforts carried out under a project titled “Development of Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) Simulation and Paramics/VS-PLUS Integration” sponsored by the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) under Task Order 5311. The first effort developed and evaluated traffic signal optimization with Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation (HiLS), using the NIATT Controller Interface Device (CID) manufactured by McCain Traffic Supply to provide real-time linkage between the Paramics microscopic simulation and a NEMA TS1 controller. An adaptive control system incorporated the traffic flow prediction model to predict the traffic flows from the surrounding intersections, and an online signal optimization model was used to obtain the signal timing plan for the subsequent cycle, based on the traffic flows predicted in the previous cycle. The performance of the proposed adaptive control system was evaluated through a case study in which HiLS is applied to a small...

Field Testing of RFID for Parking Management

Fri, 15 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This report summarizes a field evaluation project involving investigation of the feasibility ofusing RFID technology to record vehicle and traveler activities at transit parking lots and at the station entrance. The report presents the field test results collected at a Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) station, the analyses on the reliability RFID technologies for correlating parking events to station entries and observations on whether travelers accept RFID concept. The study concluded that, under certain design constraints, RFID can be utilized for parking management applications. The report also made recommendations for further investigations.

Evaluation of Portable Automated Data Collection Technologies: Interim Report, Work Accomplished During Fiscal Year 2005-2006

Thu, 14 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This report documents work accomplished during Fiscal Year 2005-2006 as a part of a research project entitled “Evaluation of Portable Automated Data Collection Technologies.” Major activities during this period included a literature survey, surveys of potential users and vendors, preliminary evaluation of portable data collection technologies to select candidate systems for demonstration, and development of demonstration plans. There is demand for portable automated data collection systems for uses related to planning, traffic operations, traffic census, and traffic surveillance functions. Potential users are interested in volume count, speed, occupancy, travel time, vehicle-length classification, and axle-based vehicle classification data. Potential uses require systems to remain installed from a few hours up to several years. Potential users want systems that minimize traffic disruption and exposure of crews to traffic, are “plug-and-play,” have IP-addressable communications...

Users’ Guide and Design Description SmartPath Simulator - Version MOU62

Thu, 14 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This document contains the user instructions and software design description for Version MOU62 of the SmartPath Simulator. The baseline version of the simulator including user instructions is described in [l].

Evaluating the Costs and Benefits of Transit Smart Cards

Thu, 14 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Smart cards are gaining momentum as transit agencies across the country have been implementing them as a fare medium. Smart cards hold the promise of revolutionizing the way riders use transit, and how transit systems operate. But in order to adopt smart cards, transit agencies must purchase new equipment and upgrade their entire fare collection system – a very expensive process. In addition, many of the oft-touted benefits of smart cards are vague, and it is not at all certain if they are worth the high cost of implementation.

This study examines how transportation agencies in three metropolitan areas evaluated smart card systems – the only three major transit smart card cost/benefit analysis studies that we found in the U.S. by the date of data collection. In addition to these three studies, we also reviewed other less extensive analyses that only partially address issues associated with the implementation of smart card technologies as transit fare media. In reviewing...

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