Recent ctcre_postprints items

E-Cigarettes: Use, Effects on Smoking, Risks, and Policy Implications

Fri, 12 Jan 2018 00:00:00 +0000

E-Cigarettes: Use, Effects on Smoking, Risks, and Policy Implications

Wie die Tabakindustrie in Deutschland durch die Erhaltung wissenschaftlicher sowie politischer Respektabilität Rechtsvorschriften zum Schutz vor Passivrauchen verhinderte

Tue, 12 Dec 2006 00:00:00 +0000

Zielsetzung: Die Untersuchung der Taktiken welche die Tabakindustrie in Deutschland eingesetzt hat um Gesetzgebung bezüglich Passivrauchen zu vermeiden und die Akzeptanz des Rauchens in der Öffentlichkeit aufrechtzuerhalten.

Methoden: Systematische Durchsuchung von im Internet zugänglichen Tabakindustriedokumenten im Zeitraum von Juni 2003 bis August 2004.

Ergebnisse: Im damaligen West-Deutschland hatten Politiker bereits Mitte der Siebzigerjahre Kenntnisse über die Tatsache, dass Nichtraucher durch Passivrauchen gefährdet werden. Da Deutschland im Umweltschutz international eine Führungsrolle einnimmt, hätte man davon ausgehen können, dass es auch bezüglich des Schutzes seiner Bürger vor der Verschmutzung durch Passivrauchen führend gewesen wäre. Indes haben die Tabakhersteller in Deutschland, vertreten durch den Branchenverband, den Verband der Cigarettenindustrie (VdC) die frühzeitig stattgefundene Auseinandersetzung über die Gefahren des Passivrauchens in Schach...

Avoiding “Truth”: Tobacco Industry Promotion of Life Skills Training

Thu, 19 Oct 2006 00:00:00 +0000

Purpose: To understand why and how two tobacco companies have been promoting the Life Skills Training program (LST), a school-based drug prevention program recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to reduce youth smoking. Methods: We analyzed internal tobacco industry documents available online as of October 2005. Initial searches were conducted using the keywords “life skills training,” “LST,” and “positive youth development.” Results: Tobacco industry documents reveal that since 1999, Philip Morris (PM) and Brown and Williamson (B&W) have worked to promote LST and to disseminate the LST program into schools across the country. As part of their effort, the companies hired a public relations firm to promote LST and a separate firm to evaluate the program. The evaluation conducted for the two companies did not show that LST was effective at reducing smoking after the first or second year of implementing the program. Even so, the tobacco companies continued...

Televised movie trailers: undermining restrictions on advertising tobacco to youth.

Wed, 6 Sep 2006 00:00:00 +0000

OBJECTIVE: To determine the proportion of televised movie trailers that included images of tobacco use during 1 year and the extent of youth exposure to those trailers. DESIGN: Content analysis combined with Nielsen data measuring media exposure. All movie trailers (N = 216) shown on television from August 1, 2001, through July 31, 2002. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Exposure among youth aged 12 to 17 years to televised movie trailers that included smoking imagery. RESULTS: Of the movie trailers televised during the study period, 14.4% (31 trailers) included images of tobacco use. Tobacco use was shown in 24.0% of the 23 trailers for R-rated (restricted) movies and 7.5% of the 8 trailers for PG-13- and PG-rated (parental guidance) movies. Ninety-five percent of all youth aged 12 to 17 years in the United States saw at least 1 movie trailer depicting tobacco use on television during this 1 year, and 88.8% saw at least 1 of these trailers 3 or more times. CONCLUSIONS: Nearly all US...

Effect of increased social unacceptability of cigarette smoking on reduction in cigarette consumption.

Tue, 5 Sep 2006 00:00:00 +0000

Taxes on cigarettes have long been used to help reduce cigarette consumption. Social factors also affect cigarette consumption, but this impact has not been quantified. We computed a social unacceptability index based on individuals' responses to questions regarding locations where smoking should be allowed. A regression analysis showed that the social unacceptability index and price had similar elasticities and that their effects were independent of each other. If, through an active tobacco control campaign, the average individual's views on the social unacceptability of smoking changed to more closely resemble the views of California residents, there would be a 15% drop in cigarette consumption, equivalent to a 1.17 dollars increase in the excise tax on cigarettes.

Every document and picture tells a story: using internal corporate document reviews, semiotics, and content analysis to assess tobacco advertising.

Thu, 22 Jun 2006 00:00:00 +0000

In this article we present communication theory as a conceptual framework for conducting documents research on tobacco advertising strategies, and we discuss two methods for analysing advertisements: semiotics and content analysis. We provide concrete examples of how we have used tobacco industry documents archives and tobacco advertisement collections iteratively in our research to yield a synergistic analysis of these two complementary data sources. Tobacco promotion researchers should consider adopting these theoretical and methodological approaches.

What makes an ad a cigarette ad? Commercial tobacco imagery in the lesbian, gay, and bisexual press

Thu, 8 Jun 2006 00:00:00 +0000

Objectives: To determine the extent of commercial tobacco imagery in the lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) press. Methods: Content analysis of all advertising containing tobacco related text or imagery in 20 LGB community periodicals, published between January 1990 and December 2000. Results: 3428 ads were found: 689 tobacco product ads, 1607 ads for cessation products or services, 99 ads with a political message about tobacco, and 1033 non-tobacco ads that showed tobacco (NAST). Although cessation ads were numerically dominant, tobacco product ads and NAST occupied more space and were more likely to use images. NAST almost never had an anti-tobacco message. Formal sponsorship between tobacco and other companies was very rare. Lesbian periodicals had proportionally more NAST and fewer cessation ads. Conclusions: Cigarette ads were outnumbered by NAST. Although these ads do not usually show brands, and are unlikely to be the result of formal sponsorship agreements, they may be...

Eliminating child labour in Malawi: a British American Tobacco corporate responsibility project to sidestep tobacco labour exploitation.

Thu, 1 Jun 2006 00:00:00 +0000

OBJECTIVES: To examine British American Tobacco and other tobacco industry support of the Eliminating Child Labour in Tobacco Growing Foundation. DESIGN: Analyses of internal tobacco industry documents and ethnographic data. RESULTS: British American Tobacco co-founded the Eliminating Child Labour in Tobacco Growing Foundation (ECLT) in October 2000 and launched its pilot project in Malawi. ECLT's initial projects were budgeted at US2.3 million dollars over four years. Labour unions and leaf dealers, through ECLT funds, have undertook modest efforts such as building schools, planting trees, and constructing shallow wells to address the use of child labour in tobacco farming. In stark contrast, the tobacco companies receive nearly US40 million dollars over four years in economic benefit through the use of unpaid child labour in Malawi during the same time. BAT's efforts to combat child labour in Malawi through ECLT was developed to support the company's "corporate social responsibility...

Tobacco industry litigation strategies to oppose tobacco control media campaigns

Thu, 1 Jun 2006 00:00:00 +0000

Objective: To document the tobacco industry's litigation strategy to impede tobacco control media campaigns. Methods: Data were collected from news and reports, tobacco industry documents, and interviews with health advocates and media campaign staff. Results: RJ Reynolds and Lorillard attempted to halt California's Media Campaign alleging that the campaign polluted jury pools and violated First Amendment rights because they were compelled to pay for anti-industry ads. The American Legacy Foundation was accused of violating the Master Settlement Agreement's vilification clause because its ads attacked the tobacco industry. The tobacco companies lost these legal challenges. Conclusion: The tobacco industry has expanded its efforts to oppose tobacco control media campaigns through litigation strategies. While litigation is a part of tobacco industry business, it imposes a financial burden and impediment to media campaigns' productivity. Tobacco control professionals need to anticipate...

German tobacco industry's successful efforts to maintain scientific and political respectability to prevent regulation of secondhand smoke.

Sat, 1 Apr 2006 00:00:00 +0000

OBJECTIVE: To examine the tactics the tobacco industry in Germany used to avoid regulation of secondhand smoke exposure and to maintain the acceptance of public smoking. METHODS: Systematic search of tobacco industry documents available on the internet between June 2003 and August 2004. RESULTS: In West Germany, policymakers were, as early as the mid 1970s, well aware of the fact that secondhand smoke endangers non-smokers. One might have assumed that Germany, an international leader in environmental protection, would have led in protecting her citizens against secondhand smoke pollution. The tobacco manufacturers in Germany, however, represented by the national manufacturing organisation "Verband" (Verband der Cigarettenindustrie), contained and neutralised the early debate about the danger of secondhand smoke. This success was achieved by carefully planned collaboration with selected scientists, health professionals and policymakers, along with a sophisticated public relations...

Bioethical Implications of Globalization: An International Consortium Project of the European Commission

Wed, 15 Feb 2006 00:00:00 +0000

Bioethical Implications of Globalization: An International Consortium Project of the European Commission

Tobacco and the Movie Industry

Wed, 15 Feb 2006 00:00:00 +0000

Tobacco and the Movie Industry

The tobacco industry in developing countries

Mon, 13 Feb 2006 00:00:00 +0000

The tobacco industry in developing countries

Authors' response to M R Pakko

Thu, 9 Feb 2006 00:00:00 +0000

Authors' response to M R Pakko

Tobacco industry litigation strategies to oppose tobacco control media campaigns

Mon, 6 Feb 2006 00:00:00 +0000

Objective: To document the tobacco industry’s litigation strategy to impede tobacco control media campaigns. Methods: Data were collected from news and reports, tobacco industry documents, and interviews with health advocates and media campaign staff. Results: RJ Reynolds and Lorillard attempted to halt California’s Media Campaign alleging that the campaign polluted jury pools and violated First Amendment rights because they were compelled to pay for anti-industry ads. The American Legacy Foundation was accused of violating the Master Settlement Agreement’s vilification clause because its ads attacked the tobacco industry. The tobacco companies lost these legal challenges. Conclusion: The tobacco industry has expanded its efforts to oppose tobacco control media campaigns through litigation strategies. While litigation is a part of tobacco industry business, it imposes a financial burden and impediment to media...

The perimetric boycott: A tool for tobacco control advocacy

Wed, 25 Jan 2006 00:00:00 +0000

Objectives: To propose criteria to help advocates: (1) determine when tobacco related boycotts may be useful; (2) select appropriate targets; and (3) predict and measure boycott success.

Methods: Analysis of tobacco focused boycotts retrieved from internal tobacco industry documents websites and other scholarship on boycotts.

Results: Tobacco related boycotts may be characterised by boycott target and reason undertaken. Most boycotts targeted the industry itself and were called for political or economic reasons unrelated to tobacco disease, often resulting in settlements that gave the industry marketing and public relations advantages. Even a lengthy health focused boycott of tobacco industry food subsidiaries accomplished little, making demands the industry was unlikely to meet. In contrast, a perimetric boycott (targeting institutions at the perimeter of the core target) of an organisation that was taking tobacco money mobilised its constituency and convinced...

The Ethics of Industry Experimentation Using Employees: The Case of Taste-Testing Pesticide-Treated Tobacco

Tue, 3 Jan 2006 00:00:00 +0000

In the United States, companies that use their own funds to test consumer products on their employees are subject to few regulations. Using previously undisclosed tobacco industry documents, we reviewed the history of that industry’s efforts to create internal guidelines on the conditions to be met before employee taste testers could evaluate cigarettes made from tobacco treated with experimental pesticides. This history highlights two potential ethical issues raised by unregulated industrial research: conflict of interest and lack of informed consent. To ensure compliance with accepted ethical standards, an independent federal office should be established to oversee industrial research involving humans exposed to experimental or increased quantities of ingested, inhaled, or absorbed chemical agents.

Smoking in the Movies Increases Adolescent Smoking: A Review

Tue, 6 Dec 2005 00:00:00 +0000

Smoking in the Movies Increases Adolescent Smoking: A Review

Why we need to rethink the diseases of affluence

Fri, 2 Dec 2005 00:00:00 +0000

Why we need to rethink the diseases of affluence

Philip Morris toxicological experiments with fresh sidestream smoke: more toxic than mainstream smoke

Thu, 1 Dec 2005 00:00:00 +0000

Philip Morris toxicological experiments with fresh sidestream smoke: more toxic than mainstream smoke

The Tobacco Industry and Pesticide Regulations: Case Studies from Tobacco Industry Archives

Thu, 1 Dec 2005 00:00:00 +0000

Tobacco is a heavily pesticide-dependent crop. Because pesticides involve human safety and health issues, they are regulated nationally and internationally; however, little is known about how tobacco companies respond to regulatory pressures regarding pesticides. This study analyzes internal tobacco industry documents to describe industry activities aimed at influencing pesticide regulations. We use a case study approach based on examination of approximately 2,000 internal company documents and 3,885 pages of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency documents obtained through Freedom of Information Act requests. The cases involve methoprene, the ethylene bisdithiocarbamates, and phosphine. We show how the tobacco industry successfully altered the outcome in two cases by hiring ex-agency scientists to write reports favorable to industry positions regarding pesticide regulations for national (Environmental Protection Agency) and international (World Health Organization) regulatory...

Tobacco industry consumer research on socially acceptable cigarettes

Thu, 1 Dec 2005 00:00:00 +0000

Tobacco industry consumer research on socially acceptable cigarettes

Cigarette advertising in Mumbai, India: targeting different socioeconomic groups, women, and youth

Thu, 17 Nov 2005 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Despite a recent surge in tobacco advertising and the recent advertising ban ( pending enforcement at the time of this study), there are few studies describing current cigarette marketing in India. This study sought to assess cigarette companies' marketing strategies in Mumbai, India. Methods: A two week field study was conducted in Mumbai in September 2003, observing, documenting, and collecting cigarette advertising on billboards, storefronts and at point of sale along two major thoroughfares, and performing a content analysis of news, film industry, and women's magazines and three newspapers. Results: Cigarette advertising was ubiquitous in the environment, present in news and in film magazines, but not in women's magazines or the newspapers. The four major advertising campaigns all associated smoking with aspiration; the premium brands targeting the higher socioeconomic status market utilised tangible images of westernisation and affluence whereas the "bingo''...

How Philip Morris built Marlboro into a global brand for young adults: implications for international tobacco control

Thu, 17 Nov 2005 00:00:00 +0000

Objective: To describe Philip Morris' global market research and international promotional strategies targeting young adults. Methods: Analysis of previously secret tobacco industry documents. Results: Philip Morris pursued standardised market research and strategic marketing plans in different regions throughout the world using research on young adults with three principle foci: lifestyle/psychographic research, brand studies, and advertising/communication effectiveness. Philip Morris identified core similarities in the lifestyles and needs of young consumers worldwide, such as independence, hedonism, freedom, and comfort. In the early 1990s Philip Morris adopted standardised global marketing efforts, creating a central advertising production bank and guidelines for brand images and promotions, but allowing regional managers to create regionally appropriate individual advertisements. Conclusions: Values and lifestyles play a central role in the global marketing of tobacco...

Understanding Philip Morris's pursuit of US government regulation of tobacco

Thu, 17 Nov 2005 00:00:00 +0000

Objective: To investigate Philip Morris’s support of U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulation of tobacco products and analyze its relationship to the company’s image enhancement strategies.

Data sources: Internal Philip Morris documents released as part of the Master Settlement Agreement.

Methods: Searches of the Legacy Tobacco Documents Library (http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu) beginning with such terms as “FDA” and “regulatory strategy” and expanding to include relevant new terms.

Results: Philip Morris’s support for government regulation of tobacco is part of a broader effort to address its negative public image, which has a damaging impact on the company’s stock price, political influence, and employee morale. Through regulation, the company seeks to enhance its legitimacy, redefine itself as socially responsible and alter the litigation environment. Whereas health advocates frame tobacco use as a public health policy issue, Philip Morris’s regulatory...

Tobacco industry research on smoking cessation - Recapturing young adults and other recent quitters

Thu, 17 Nov 2005 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Smoking rates are declining in the United States, except for young adults (age 18 to 24). Few organized programs target smoking cessation specifically for young adults, except programs for pregnant women. In contrast, the tobacco industry has invested much time and money studying young adult smoking patterns. Some of these data are now available in documents released through litigation. Objective: Review tobacco industry marketing research on smoking cessation to guide new interventions and improve clinical practice, particularly to address young adult smokers' needs. Methods: Analysis of previously secret tobacco industry documents. Results: Compared to their share of the smoking population, young adult smokers have the highest spontaneous quitting rates. About 10% to 30% of smokers want to quit; light smokers and brand switchers are more likely to try. Tobacco companies attempted to deter quitting by developing products that appeared to be less addictive or more...

How Philip Morris unlocked the Japanese cigarette market: lessons for global tobacco control

Thu, 17 Nov 2005 00:00:00 +0000

Background: The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control includes tobacco advertising restrictions that are strongly opposed by the tobacco industry. Marketing strategies used by transnational tobacco companies to open the Japanese market in the absence of such restrictions are described. Methods: Analysis of internal company documents. Findings: Between 1982 and 1987 transnational tobacco companies influenced the Japanese government through the US Trade Representative to open distribution networks and eliminate advertising restrictions. US cigarette exports to Japan increased 10-fold between 1985 and 1996. Television advertising was central to opening the market by projecting a popular image ( despite a small actual market share) to attract existing smokers, combined with hero-centred advertisements to attract new smokers. Philip Morris's campaigns featured Hollywood movie personalities popular with young men, including James Coburn, Pierce Brosnan, Roger Moore, and Charlie...

Emotions for sale: cigarette advertising and women's psychosocial needs

Wed, 16 Nov 2005 00:00:00 +0000

Objective: To explore messages of psychosocial needs satisfaction in cigarette advertising targeting women and implications for tobacco control policy.

Methods: Analysis of internal tobacco industry documents and public advertising collections.

Results: Tobacco industry market research attempted to identify the psychosocial needs of different groups of women, and cigarette advertising campaigns for brands that women smoke explicitly aimed to position cigarettes as capable of satisfying these needs. Such positioning can be accomplished with advertising that downplays or excludes smoking imagery. As women’s needs change with age and over time, advertisements were developed to reflect the needs encountered at different stages in women’s lives. Cigarette brands for younger women stressed female camaraderie, self confidence, freedom, and independence; cigarette brands for older women addressed needs for pleasure, relaxation, social acceptability, and escape from daily...

Science in Regulatory Policy Making: Case Studies in the Development of Workplace Smoking Restrictions

Fri, 21 Oct 2005 00:00:00 +0000

Science in Regulatory Policy Making: Case Studies in the Development of Workplace Smoking Restrictions

Tobacco Industry Response to a Risk Assessment of Environmental Tobacco Smoke

Fri, 21 Oct 2005 00:00:00 +0000

Tobacco Industry Response to a Risk Assessment of Environmental Tobacco Smoke

The Limits of Competing Interest Disclosures

Fri, 21 Oct 2005 00:00:00 +0000

The Limits of Competing Interest Disclosures

Scientific Quality of Original Research Articles on Environmental Tobacco Smoke

Fri, 21 Oct 2005 00:00:00 +0000

Scientific Quality of Original Research Articles on Environmental Tobacco Smoke

Making the Cigar News

Fri, 21 Oct 2005 00:00:00 +0000

Making the Cigar News

Cigar Magazines: Using Tobacco to Sell A Lifestyle

Fri, 21 Oct 2005 00:00:00 +0000

Cigar Magazines: Using Tobacco to Sell A Lifestyle

Policy Makers’ Perspectives on Tobacco Control Advocates’ Roles in Regulation Development

Fri, 21 Oct 2005 00:00:00 +0000

Policy Makers’ Perspectives on Tobacco Control Advocates’ Roles in Regulation Development

Print Media Coverage of Research on Passive Smoking

Fri, 21 Oct 2005 00:00:00 +0000

Print Media Coverage of Research on Passive Smoking

A Nicotine Delivery Device Without the Nicotine? Tobacco Industry Development of Low Nicotine Cigarettes

Mon, 17 Oct 2005 00:00:00 +0000

A Nicotine Delivery Device Without the Nicotine? Tobacco Industry Development of Low Nicotine Cigarettes

Tobacco Industry Successfully Prevented Tobacco Control Legislation in Argentina

Thu, 6 Oct 2005 00:00:00 +0000

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate how transnational tobacco companies, working through their local affiliates, influenced tobacco control policy-making in Argentina between 1966 and 2005.

METHODS: Analysis of internal tobacco industry documents, local newspapers and magazines, internet resources, bills from the Argentinean National Congress Library, and interviews with key individuals in Argentina.

RESULTS: Transnational tobacco companies (Philip Morris International, British American Tobacco, Lorillard, and RJ Reynolds International) have been actively influencing public health policymaking in Argentina since the early 1970s. As in other countries, in 1977 the tobacco industry created a weak voluntary self regulating code to avoid strong legislated restrictions on advertising. In addition to direct lobbying by the tobacco companies, these efforts involved use of third party allies, public relations campaigns, and scientific and medical consultants. During the 1980s and...

Development and destruction of the first state funded anti-smoking campaign in the USA