1 C.S.P. 1597-1603, Pt. II, p. 737; Chancellor, p. 2; and see Bibl . Charles's birth and childhood (G.1). break [BACK]

2 The second christening of Charles. The description given here is based upon the detailed account of Islay Herald, John Blinsale, first printed by the Rev Henry Cantrell in The Royal Martyr, a true Christian , in 1716. A copy is in the British Library. The original MS in the Herald's Office at Edinburgh (the Lyons Office) was copied by Carte and this copy is now with the Carte papers in the Bodleian Library. The authenticity of the original was, however, disputed by William Harris in 1758 in his Life of Charles. If the document was a forgery Charles did not receive baptism by a bishop into the Church of England; neither did he receive the good offices of such eminent Huguenots as Soubise and Rohan as godparents. Harris based his case largely on the assertion that Soubise and Rohan were not in Scotland at the time of Charles's christening. This, however, appears to be erroneous. The diary of Finett (the Master of Ceremonies) notes their presence, the English correspondents of Cecil in Scotland note that the Frenchmen were very well entertained, mention them by name, at first suggest it is likely they will be gossips to James's newborn son, and on November 27 assert that they will be; finally, on December 30, they report (George Nicolson to Sir Robert Cecil) that they were gossips. Nicolson's short account of the ceremony agrees with Islay Herald's. The Voyages du Duc de Rohan fait en l'an 1600 , published in 1646 in Amsterdam, says that he was in Scotland in 1600 and there are several later references in Charles's life to his meeting one or the other as one of his godparents, for example, an audience that Prince Charles gave to the Duke of Soubise 'to whom he was at his christening in Scotland Godfather' (Finett). If additional evidence of a second christening is needed it is found in the repairing of Anne's litter to carry the baby from Dunfermline to Holyrood and the transport of other articles for the baby's use to Holyrood. Isaac D'Israeli discusses the evidence briefly in Commentaries on the Life and Reign of Charles I , I, ch. II.

C.S.P. 1597-1603, Pt. II, passim . [BACK]

3 Peyton, p. 22, Bibl. (E). [BACK]

4 Chancellor, pp. 4-5, Bibl. (E). [BACK]

5 Letters to James , Intro, pp. xxviii, xxxii, Bibl. (C). [BACK]

6 State Papers of James , pp. 46, 55; Accounts High Treasurers of Scotland, passim Bibl. (C). [BACK]

7 Bibl. Charles's birth and childhood (G.1). [BACK]

8 Weldon, p. 216; Carey, pp. 167-8, Bibl. (C, G.1). [BACK]

9 Carleton to Winwood, Winwood, Memorials , II, p. 45. [BACK]

1 Arabella Stuart to the Earl of Shrewsbury, 8 Dec., 1603, Letters to James , Intro, p. xxiv; Willson, p. 227; Harleian MS 6987 (24). Bibl. (Q.1). [BACK]

2 Letters to James ; Ellis First S.III, pp. 92, 94, Bibl. (C, B). break [BACK]

3 Bibl. Prince Henry (Q.4). [BACK]

4 Harington I, pp. 348-54, Bibl. (D). [BACK]

5 H.M.Comm. Various Collections 3, p. 259; Winwood, III, pp. 179-81; 'Tethys Festival' in Samuel Daniel, Works ed. Grosart, 3. There is no foundation for the supposition made by Lucy Aikin that the little girls danced in a ring round Charles to hide his legs. On the contrary, the masque directions expressly bring him forward to present the sword. [BACK]

6 No details survive. [BACK]

7 'A Declaration of the Diet . . . of King Charles the First, when Duke of York', Archaeologia XV (1806), pp. 1 ff. [BACK]

8 Chancellor, pp. 13-14 and various other sources, Bibl. (E). [BACK]

9 Ellis First S.III, p. 96. [BACK]

10 Letters to James. [BACK]

11 Chancellor, p. 15. [BACK]

1 Bibl. Prince Henry, (Q.4) Wilson, pp. 62 ff, Bibl. (Q.1); Chamberlain I, pp. 388, ff. [BACK]

2 Chamberlain I, pp. 423 ff, Bibl. (D); Wilson, pp. 64 ff.; Lily, p. 3, Bibl. Elizabeth (Q.5). [BACK]

3 Wilson, pp. 145-6, f. Bibl. Gondomar (Q.18). [BACK]

4 There is a handwritten note signed ED at the beginning of Douce's copy of Thomas Birch's Life of Henry Prince of Wales (1760), now in the Bodleian Library, which says: 'Bishop Burnett says that Coll. Titus assured him that he had it from King Chas I own mouth, that he was well assured his brother, Prince Henry, was poisoned by the Earl of Somerset's means. See M. Oldmixen's critical hist of England I 175, 177. There is a tale of mystery in this transaction that I will one day or other unfold on very good evidence'.

Charles's 'wilfulness' see Weldon, p. 218; Lily, p. 2. [BACK]

5 'nicht starcker Complexion', Rye, p. 155; D'Ewes Autobiography , p. 49; the portrait appears as the frontispiece to Dallington's translation of Guicciardini's Aphorisms (1613). [BACK]

6 Van der Doort's Catalogue, Bibl. (I.3). [BACK]

7 This copy is in the Reading Room of the British Library. [BACK]

8 C.S.P.D. 1611-18, passim . [BACK]

1 e.g. Chamberlain to Carleton, I, p. 394. [BACK]

2 Beatrice White, Cast of Ravens , uses much of the contemporary evidence. [BACK]

3 Rise of Villiers - narrative of Archbishop Abbot in Rushworth, I, pp. 456-7, Bibl. (C), and Bibl. Buckingham (Q.6). [BACK]

4 D.N.B.; C.S.P.D. 1611-18, p. 273. [BACK]

5 C.S.P.D. 1611-18, p. 373, and Bibl. Wool (Q.3). break [BACK]

1 Nicholls, III, pp. 207 ff, Bibl. (D); C.S.P.V. 1615-17, p. 328. [BACK]

2 Carey passim ; Cranfield, Bibl. (H.6). [BACK]

3 Bibl. Buckingham. [BACK]

4 Gardiner, History , III, p. 98, Bibl. (S). [BACK]

5 Chancellor, p. 35; C.S.P.D. 1611-18, pp. 354, 370; Birch, James , II, pp. 78-9, Bibl. (D). [BACK]

6 Ellis First S.III, pp. 102-4. [BACK]

7 Letters to James. [BACK]

8 Bibl. James (Q.1). [BACK]

9 C.S.P.V. 1617-19, pp. 136-7. [BACK]

10 Bacon's letter 1616, Cabala , p. 47, 1691, Bibl. (B). [BACK]

11 C.S.P.V. 1621-23, pp. 450 ff. [BACK]

12 Chancellor, pp. 49-50. [BACK]

1 Anne's death and funeral, Chamberlain, II, pp. 236-8; C.S.P.V. 1617-19, pp. 494-5; Strickland, Queens, Bibl. (Q.2). [BACK]

2 Charles to Doncaster, Camden Soc. 90, p. 140. [BACK]

3 Gardiner, History , III, pp. 333, 366, 326; C.S.P.V. 1619-21, pp. 363, 475. [BACK]

4 Traditional Memoirs , p. 83, Bibl. (Q.1), Vox Populi (1621), Tom Tell-Troath (1622). [BACK]

5 Green, Elizabeth , p. 200. [BACK]

6 Chamberlain II, p. 434; Birch, James , II, pp. 313-14. [BACK]

1 Weldon, pp. 217-18. [BACK]

2 Bibl. Puritanism (J.2). [BACK]

3 C.S.P.D. 1611-18 many refs., incl. pp. 232, 469, 470, 478, 484, 490. [BACK]

4 Bibl. Cottington, Porter (Q.20, 11). [BACK]

5 The Spanish Match in general, Bibl. (G.2). [BACK]

1 Chamberlain, II, pp. 515-19; Nichols IV, pp. 907 ff.; Gardiner, History V, pp. 128-30. [BACK]

2 Bristol and Proxy, Bibl. (G.2). [BACK]

3 Parliament of 1624, Bibl. (L.2); Buckingham's Narration, L.J.III, pp. 220-33; Charles's speeches, L.J.III, particularly pp. 257-8; Buckingham's popularity, Conway Jr. to Carleton, C.S.P.D. 1623-5, pp. 197-8. [BACK]

4 Charles's appearance and popularity, Kellie to Mar, H.M.Comm. Mar and Kellie MSS., Supplement, pp. 202-4; Conway to Carleton, continue

C.S.P.D. 1623-5, p. 91; Zouch to Zouch, ibid. , p. 107; Conway Jr. to Carleton, ibid. , pp. 197, 257; Chamberlain II, pp. 546, 550. [BACK]

5 Middlesex, Bibl. Finance (H.6). James to Charles and Buckingham, Clarendon I, section 54 Bibl. (S). [BACK]

6 Bristol's defence, Bibl. (G.2). [BACK]

1 Clarendon MSS, 96, 97; Henrietta-Maria, Bibl. (Q.3). [BACK]

2 Rosencrantz and Gildernstern, Gardiner, History , V, pp. 185 ff; Cabala , Chamberlain, I, pp. 556-7. [BACK]

3 C.S.P.V. 1623-5, pp. 191-2, 208, 216-17; Clarendon sections 41-6. [BACK]

4 Death of James, Bibl. (Q.1). [BACK]

5 Ho-Elianiae , or Familiar Letters, Bibl. (D.). [BACK]

6 Henrietta-Maria Bibl (Q.3). [BACK]

1 Aylmer, King's Servants , p. 18, Bibl. (S). [BACK]

2 C.S.P.D. 1625-6, Appendix. [BACK]

3 C.S.P.V. 1625-7, pp. 2; 26-7; Salvetti , p. 4. [BACK]

4 Bibl. Finance (H.6). [BACK]

5 Parliament of 1625, Bibl. (L.2). [BACK]

1 Development of Parliament, Bibl. (L.1). [BACK]

2 Gardiner, History , VI, p. 7. [BACK]

3 Cadiz, Bibl. (G.3). [BACK]

1 Parliament of 1626, Bibl. (L.2). [BACK]

2 Charges against Bristol, Bibl. (L.2). [BACK]

3 Charges against Buckingham, Bibl. (Q.6, L.2). [BACK]

4 Buckingham's defence, Bibl. (Q6, L2). [BACK]

1 Clarendon I, sections 82-3; Gardiner, History , VI, pp. 4-5, 56-7; C.S.P.V. 1625-6, pp. 311, 320-22, 327-9, 545; Ellis First S.III, pp. 213-19. [BACK]

2 Gardiner, History , VI, pp. 134-7; C.S.P.V. 1625-6, pp. 497-8, 545; Birch, I, pp. 119-22, 134-8. break [BACK]

1 S.P.D. LXXXIV, No. 78; C.S.P.D. 1627-8 passim; Bibl. La Rochelle (G.3). [BACK]

2 Charles and the Mantuan Collection, Bibl. (I.3). [BACK]

3 C.S.P.D. 1627-8, pp. ix-x, 393, 315; Hardwick State Papers II, pp. 19, 20, Bibl. (B). [BACK]

4 No. 9, 1627, Knowler, Bibl. (B); Ellis First S.III, p. 251; Birch, pp. 304, 281, 285. [BACK]

1 C.S.P.V. 1626-8, pp. 542-3. [BACK]

2 Bibl. Parliament and Petition of Right (L2, L4). [BACK]

3 Fairholt Poems and Songs, Bibl. (Q.6); Birch, I, pp. 364-5, 367-9, 373 etc. [BACK]

4 Assassination and funeral of Buckingham, Bibl. (Q.6). [BACK]

5 In a letter from Carleton, Ellis First S.III, p. 254. [BACK]

1 C.S.P.V., 1628-9, pp. 295, 359. [BACK]

2 Weston, Bibl. (Q.9). [BACK]

3 Wentworth, Bibl. (Q.7). [BACK]

4 Parliament of 1629, Bibl. (L.2). [BACK]

1 Acts of the Privy Council , July 1628-April 1629, p. 203. [BACK]

2 e.g. C.S.P.V. 1628-9, pp. 287, 293-4; C.S.P.D. 1628-9, p. 393. [BACK]

3 Birch, II, pp. 7-8. [BACK]

4 Birch, I, pp. 355-6 - the date given, May 20, 1628, is a mistake for 1629; C.S.P.D. 1628-9, p. 548; C.S.P.V. 1629-32, p. 70. [BACK]

5 Gardiner, History , VII, pp. 106, 107. [BACK]

6 C.S.P.V. 1629-32, p. 160. [BACK]

7 Gardiner, History , VII, p. 171. [BACK]

8 Rubens' Letters , Parts IV, V, VI, Bibl. (Q.12). [BACK]

9 Henrietta-Maria Letters , pp. 17, 18, Bibl. (Q.3). [BACK]

1 Aylmer, King's Servants , pp. 162-3. [BACK]

2 Alexander, p. 150, Bibl. (H.6). [BACK]

3 Burlamachi, Bibl. (H.6). [BACK]

4 Ashton, Money Market, Bibl. (H.6). [BACK]

5 Birch, II, p. 219. break [BACK]

6 'Reports of Cases in Star Chamber and High Commission,' Camden Soc. 1886, No. 145, pp. 280-1, 298. [BACK]

7 Gardiner, History , VIII, p. 87; Clarendon I, Sections 208-11. [BACK]

1 Acts of the Privy Council, passim ; Rymer, IX, passim, Bibl. (C). [BACK]

2 C.S.P.D. 1627-8, p. 491. [BACK]

3 Gardiner, History , VIII, pp. 71-6, 284. [BACK]

4 Rymer, IX, pp. 242-50. [BACK]

5 Acts of the Privy Council Sept. 1627 - June 1628, pp. 192-3, 243. [BACK]

6 Bibl. Finance (H.6). [BACK]

7 Rymer, IX, pp. 242-3; Bibl. Lotteries (P.2). [BACK]

8 Bibl. Fens drainage (O.2). [BACK]

9 C.S.P.D. 1631-3, p. 215; 1633-4, pp. 490-1. [BACK]

10 C.S.P.D. 1631-3, p. 501. [BACK]

11 Possibly in Selwood and Roche, see C.S.P.D. 1629-31, p. 141; forest fines in general, Bibl. (O.2). [BACK]

12 Allan, 'Rising in West', Hammersley, 'Forest Laws', Bibl. Agrarian affairs (O.2). [BACK]

1 'The sovereignty of the seas', Bibl. (H.3); S.P.D. vol. CCIII, Nos. 53, 54; Bibl. Fishing (H.2). [BACK]

2 C.S.P.D. 1634-5, pp. 68-9. [BACK]

3 See Needham's trans. of Selden, Bibl. (H.3). [BACK]

4 Oppenheim, p. 253, Bibl. (H.1).

5 ibid. , p. 261. [BACK]

4 Oppenheim, p. 253, Bibl. (H.1).

5 ibid. , p. 261. [BACK]

6 Heywood; Oppenheim, pp. 257-63, Bibl. (H.1). [BACK]

7 Aylmer, pp. 112-13. [BACK]

8 Oppenheim, pp. 236 ff. [BACK]

9 Ship money, Bibl. (H.4). [BACK]

10 Alexander, pp. 218-19. [BACK]

11 Charles's social policy, Bibl. (M, O, P). [BACK]

1 Bibl. (I). [BACK]

2 Jan. 9, 1631, C.S.P.D. 1629/31, p. 478. [BACK]

3 Rymer, XIX, pp. 120-1. [BACK]

4 Grammelogia ; C.S.P.D. 1638-9, pp. 191, 243. [BACK]

5 Birch, II, p. 205. [BACK]

6 C.S.P.V. 1636-9, p. 128, Dobson, Bibl. (F). [BACK]

7 Steele, Bibl. (I.2). break [BACK]

1 T. H. Wilson; Ashmole, Bibl. (I.2). [BACK]

2 C.S.P.D. 1634-5, pp. 26, 77-9. [BACK]

3 Bibl. King's Evil (I.7). [BACK]

4 C.S.P.D. 1635, p. 366. [BACK]

5 C.S.P.V. 1632-6, p. 483; Bibl. Little Gidding (I.6). [BACK]

6 C.S.P.V. 1632-6, p. 519; 1636-9, pp. 36, 40, 44-5, 53, 64; Gardiner, History , VIII, pp. 151-2. [BACK]

7 C.S.P.V. 1636-9, p. 64. [BACK]

8 Bibl. Little Gidding, esp. Two Lives (I.6). [BACK]

1 Meyer, p. 17, Bibl. (J.1). [BACK]

2 E.354/2. [BACK]

3 Birch, Letters , II, p. 71. [BACK]

4 Clarendon I, section 167. [BACK]

5 Gardiner, History , VII, p. 298. [BACK]

6 Roe to Elizabeth, C.S.P.D. 1633-4, p. 104. [BACK]

7 Gardiner, History , VIII, pp. 108 ff. [BACK]

8 The Declaration of Sports , Gardiner, Documents , pp. 17 ff, Bibl. (K.). [BACK]

9 Gregg, pp. 47-72 passim, Bibl. (J.2). [BACK]

10 Panzani, pp. 135, 157, 196, 197, Bibl. (J.1). [BACK]

11 Meyer, p. 23. [BACK]

12 Strickland, V, p. 268, (ed. 1851). [BACK]

13 Meyer, pp. 15-16, 18. [BACK]

1 Bibl. (N). [BACK]

2 C.S.P.V. 1636-9, pp. 435-6. [BACK]

3 Gardiner, History , IX, p. 32. [BACK]

4 Verney Papers, p. 233. [BACK]

5 C.S.P.D., 1639, pp. 242-3. [BACK]

6 Gardiner, History , IX, p. 30 and note. [BACK]

7 Aiton, pp. 392-7, Bibl. (N.). [BACK]

8 Knowler, II, p. 362. [BACK]

9 Gardiner, History , IX, p. 46. [BACK]

10 Knowler, II, pp. 372, 378. [BACK]

11 e.g. Oct. 23, 1634, Knowler, I, p. 331. [BACK]

12 S.P. CCCCXXXVI, No. 47, 30 Dec., 1639, in Charles's own hand. [BACK]

13 e.g. Robert Reade to Thomas Windebank, C.S.P.D. 1639/40, p. 474. [BACK]

14 Two Lives. Bibl. (I.6). break [BACK]

1 Bibl. (J.2); (Q.19). [BACK]

2 C.S.P.V. 1636-9, pp. 110-11, 124-5. [BACK]

3 Bibl. (Q.16). [BACK]

4 Knowler, Bibl. (Q.7). [BACK]

5 Gardiner, History , IX, p. 86. [BACK]

6 C.S.P.D. 1639-40, p. 321.

7 ibid. , p. 158. [BACK]

6 C.S.P.D. 1639-40, p. 321.

7 ibid. , p. 158. [BACK]

8 The Priviledges and Practice of Parliaments in England (E.161/1). [BACK]

9 C.S.P.D. 1639-40, pp. 581, 491-2, 608, 565, 609; 1640, p. 7. [BACK]

10 Parliament, Bibl. (L.2). [BACK]

1 Strafford, Bibl. (Q.7). [BACK]

2 Gardiner, History , IX, pp. 129-30, 132-4, 142, 149; C.S.P.D. 1640, pp. 491, 193; Birch, II, p. 287. [BACK]

3 Life of Porter , Townshend, p. 181. [BACK]

4 C.S.P.D. 1640-1, pp. 104-5, 128-9, Bibl. (Q.11). [BACK]

5 The Long Parliament, Bibl. (L.3). [BACK]

1 Green, Princesses , Vol. VI, pp. 106-25, passim., Bibl. (Q.5). [BACK]

2 Evelyn, Diary . For most of this chapter, see Bibl. Strafford and Parliament, Bibl. (Q.7), (L.3). [BACK]

1 Gardiner, History , IX, pp. 403-4. [BACK]

2 Porter to Nicholas, Life , by Townshend, pp. 191-2. [BACK]

3 Bray, II, private correspondence Charles and Nicholas, pp. 25, 32, 46, etc, Bibl. (B). [BACK]

4 Warwick, Memoirs , pp. 201-2. [BACK]

5 Various versions, see Gardiner, History , X, pp. 136-41. [BACK]

6 Townshend, Porter , p. 256. [BACK]

7 C.S.P.V. 1642-3, p. 5. [BACK]

1 Rushworth, IV, p. 532. [BACK]

2 Nineteen Propositions and King's Answer, Bibl. (K). [BACK]

3 Memoirs (1888), p. 13. [BACK]

4 Letters of Henrietta-Maria, Bibl. (Q.3). break

For this chapter see Bibl. (G.4). [BACK]

1 Young, Civil War; Cavalier Army , Chs. 1-3. [BACK]

2 Ellis, First S.III, p. 291. [BACK]

3 Young, Edgehill . [BACK]

4 Young, Cavalier Army , Ch. IV; Wood, Oxford , Vol. II, pp. 438 ff. [BACK]

5 Thomas, Berkenhead , pp. 29-55 passim . [BACK]

6 Lake, passim . [BACK]

7 Henrietta-Maria, Bibl. (Q.3). [BACK]

1 For campaign generally see Young and Bibl. (G.4). For Cropredy Walker Historical Collections , pp. 30-35 and annotated MS in the Library of Christ Church, Oxford; and Toynbee and Young. [BACK]

2 Marston Moor, see Young. [BACK]

3 Lostwithiel campaign, see Young, Civil War . [BACK]

4 Laud, Bibl. (Q.8). [BACK]

5 Gardiner, Civil War II, pp. 85-6. [BACK]

1 Symonds, Bibl. (G.4). [BACK]

2 Bibl. (G.4). [BACK]

3 Rupert Bibl. (Q.10). [BACK]

4 W. D. Macray, Annals of the Bodleian . [BACK]

1 For Charles in captivity, Bibl. (G.5). [BACK]

1 For Charles in captivity, Bibl. (G.5).

For evidence concerning Charles's natural daughter see Hugh Ross Williamson, Jeremy Taylor (1952). His meditations upon death are printed in Eikon Basilike . [BACK]

1 Some historians doubt the existence of such a letter but the balance of probability seems to me to be in its favour. [BACK]

2 When, where, in what manner and, indeed whether Jane Wharwood did see the King is open to speculation. But considering all she had done previously it is likely that she did continue a meeting and possibly still thought in terms of escape. See e.g. The Moderate Jan. 30-Feb. 6, 1649. [BACK]

3 For the trial and execution of Charles, Bibl. (G.6). break

A  Bibliography

B  Charles's letters, speeches and writings

C  State Papers, etc.

D  Various collections

E  Biographies of Charles

F  Particular studies of Charles

G  Particular episodes in Charles's life:

1 Birth and childhood

2 Spanish marriage

3 Cadiz and La Rochelle

4 Civil war

5 Captivity

6 Trial and execution

H  Particular topics:

1 Ships and the navy

2 Fishing

3 Sovereignty of the Seas

4 Ship money

5 Patents and monopolies

6 The King's finances

I  The King and his Court:

1 Whitehall and architecture

2 The Court masque and Order of the Garter

3 Art and the King's pictures

4 Literature

5 Portraits of Charles

6 Little Gidding

7 The King's Evil; the Occult, etc.

J  The King and his Church

1 The Church of England and the Church of Rome

2 Puritanism and Puritan protest

K  Political theory break

L  Parliament

1 General

2 Particular Parliaments

3 The Long Parliament

4 Particular topics

5 General discussion

M  Government

1 At the centre

2 In the localities

3 Towns

N  Scotland

O  Economic and social development

1 General

2 Agrarian affairs

3 Wool

4 Trade etc.

P  Class and society

1 General

2 Lotteries

3 The Gentry

Q  Biographies of people close to Charles

1 King James I

2 Queen Anne

3 Queen Henrietta-Maria

4 Prince Henry

5 Elizabeth of Bohemia

6 George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham

7 Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford

8 William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury

9 Richard Weston, Earl of Portland

10 Prince Rupert

11 Endymion Porter

12 Peter Paul Rubens

13 Sir Benjamin Rudyerd

14 Oliver Cromwell

15 Sir John Eliot

16 John Hampden

17 John Pym

18 The Count of Gondomar

19 The Earl of Essex

20 Lord Cottington

R  Essay collections and discussions on the causes of the civil wars

S  General works break [BACK]